Lipid Composition of Nanocarriers Shapes Interactions of Cyclic Antimicrobial Peptide Gramicidin S with Their Membranes.

Gramicidin S (GS), an antimicrobial peptide (AMP), exhibits broad-spectrum activity against bacteria and cancer cells but is limited in clinical use due to its cytotoxicity toward eukaryotic cells. Lipid-based delivery systems may overcome this limitation; in this study, we proposed and tested simple and promising lipid formulations, including dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), cardiolipin (CL), and cholesterol (CHOL). We evaluated the interactions of these lipid membranes with GS by assessing membrane fluidity, dielectric permittivity, dielectric losses, dielectric relaxation frequency, and static dielectric constant. Among these, membrane fluidity and dielectric permittivity were the most sensitive to GS, showing significant changes in the formulation containing 90 mol% DPPC and 10 mol% CHOL when exposed to 20 μM GS. Notably, although membrane fluidity changed in a dose-dependent manner following GS binding, the liposomes still supported relatively high GS concentrations-up to 80 μM-which is important for future high-dose GS applications. Additionally, we performed preliminary cytotoxicity tests comparing free GS with liposome-carried GS using the tested lipid compositions and observed a significant reduction in GS-associated toxicity on L929 cell line. This study provides new insights into GS-membrane interactions and supports the rational design of AMP nanocarriers for biomedical applications.