Valorization of Olive Oil and Wine Industry Byproducts: Challenges and Opportunities in Sustainable Food Applications.

The historical co-production of olive oil and wine has influenced the Mediterranean landscape and economy. Olive oil and wine production generates substantial organic waste, including olive pomace, grape pomace, and wastewater, which poses environmental challenges if untreated. These byproducts contain bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, such as hydroxytyrosol, resveratrol, and flavonoids, which possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, making them valuable for the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals. A combined waste valorization strategy can enhance bioactive compound recovery and align it with circular economic principles. The incorporation of olive oil and wine byproducts into food matrices, such as bread, pasta, dairy products, baked goods, chocolates, beverages, and processed items, has been explored to enhance antioxidant content, dietary fiber, and nutritional value. However, successful integration depends on maintaining acceptable sensory qualities and addressing the technical challenges in extraction, processing, and regulatory compliance. Realizing the potential benefits of dual valorization requires a systemic shift integrating scientific innovation, regulatory adaptability, and consumer engagement, guided by evidence, transparent communication, and inclusive governance to ensure that sustainability goals translate into environmental, economic, and public health outcomes.