ReviewBrain sciences2025
Biofeedback for Motor and Cognitive Rehabilitation in Parkinson's Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Non-Invasive Interventions.
Review in Brain sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effectiveness of Music Therapy with Personalized Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation Plus Music-Contingent Gait Training in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review.Neurology international · 2026Review
- The cortical vestibular system: insights from electroencephalography.Current opinion in neurology · 2026Review
- Neurofeedback as an emerging rehabilitation strategy for Parkinson's disease: a narrative review.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Review
- Advancing rehabilitation in Parkinson's disease through virtual reality: a narrative review.Frontiers in neurologyReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
(1) Background: Biofeedback and neurofeedback are gaining attention as non-invasive rehabilitation strategies in Parkinson's disease (PD) treatment, aiming to modulate motor and non-motor symptoms through the self-regulation of physiological signals. (2) Objective: This review explores the application of biofeedback techniques, electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback, heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback, and electroencephalographic (EEG) neurofeedback in PD rehabilitation, analyzing their impacts on motor control, autonomic function, and cognitive performance. (3) Methods: This review critically examined 15 studies investigating the efficacy of electromyographic (EMG), heart rate variability (HRV), and electroencephalographic (EEG) feedback interventions in PD. Studies were selected through a systematic search of peer-reviewed literature and analyzed in terms of design, sample characteristics, feedback modality, outcomes, and clinical feasibility. (4) Results: EMG biofeedback demonstrated improvements in muscle activation, gait, postural stability, and dysphagia management. HRV biofeedback showed positive effects on autonomic regulation, emotional control, and cardiovascular stability. EEG neurofeedback targeted abnormal cortical oscillations, such as beta-band overactivity and reduced frontal theta, and was associated with improvements in motor initiation, executive functioning, and cognitive flexibility. However, the reviewed studies were heterogeneous in design and outcome measures, limiting generalizability. Subgroup trends suggested modality-specific benefits across motor, autonomic, and cognitive domains. (5) Conclusions: While EMG and HRV systems are more accessible for clinical or home-based use, EEG neurofeedback remains technically demanding. Standardization of protocols and further randomized controlled trials are needed. Future directions include AI-driven personalization, wearable technologies, and multimodal integration to enhance accessibility and long-term adherence. Biofeedback presents a promising adjunct to conventional PD therapies, supporting personalized, patient-centered rehabilitation models.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.