ArticleBMC cardiovascular disorders2025
The relationship between hypertension, anemia, and BMI in women of reproductive age: evidence from a nationwide health study.
Article in BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHypertension, anemia, and malnutrition are significant global health challenges. While prior studies have primarily focused on the prevalence of these conditions in Nepal, no research has investigated the interrelationship among them. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association of hypertension with anemia, blood hemoglobin levels, and body mass index (BMI) among women of reproductive age.
methodsUsing multilevel logistic regression models, we analyzed nationally representative data from the 2022 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). A total of 4,133 eligible women aged 15-49 were included in this study. Hypertension (systolic pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic pressure ≥ 90 mmHg), anemia (blood hemoglobin < 12 g/dl), and BMI categories were defined according to the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline. Student's t-test, Pearson's Chi-square, and linear regression analysis were performed in the analysis.
resultsThe mean age of the participants was 29.78 ± 9.61 years. The prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher in women without anemia than those with anemia (9.0% vs. 5.4%, p < 0.001). An inverse association was observed between hypertension and anemia (OR, 0.73; 95% CI: 0.55-0.96; p < 0.01). Increased hemoglobin levels (systolic: β, 1.24; 95% CI: 0.14-1.46; diastolic: β = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.38-1.71) and BMI (systolic: β = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.80-0.99; diastolic: β = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.68-0.92) were positively correlated with hypertension. Smoking, overweight, obesity, and increased mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) were found to increase the risk of hypertension.
conclusionThis study demonstrates a positive association between hypertension and BMI, while anemia was linked to a lower risk of hypertension. The findings suggest that higher hemoglobin levels may serve as an independent risk factor for hypertension. Therefore, regular screening of hemoglobin levels and BMI, along with interventions addressing dietary and lifestyle factors is recommended to mitigate the risk of hypertension.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.