Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40721583›Full record

ArticleNature communications2025

3D bioprinting of plant and animal cell-based hybrid food.

Sushila Maharjan, Camila Yamashita, Cheng Pau Lee, Alejandro Villalobos Zepeda, Ana Karen Michel Farias, Andrea Duarte Rivera, Francisco Javier Aguilar Rojas, David Sebastian Rendon Ruiz, Armando Martinez Hernandez, David Hyram Hernandez Medina and 7 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors.

Sushila MaharjanDivision of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA. smaharjan@bwh.harvard.edu.ORCID 0000-0003-3957-3976
Camila YamashitaDivision of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0957-1689
Cheng Pau LeeDivision of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4924-8467
Alejandro Villalobos ZepedaDivision of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Ana Karen Michel FariasDivision of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Andrea Duarte RiveraDivision of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0266-3540
Francisco Javier Aguilar RojasDivision of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
David Sebastian Rendon RuizDivision of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Armando Martinez HernandezDivision of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
David Hyram Hernandez MedinaDivision of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Carlos Ezio Garciamendez-MijaresDivision of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Julia JapoDivision of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Ludivina Bermea JimenezDivision of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Sonia GolombekDivision of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Alessandro BentivogliDivision of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Michinao HashimotoPillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore.ORCID 0000-0002-9684-2354
Yu Shrike ZhangDivision of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA. yszhang@bwh.harvard.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-0045-0808

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cellular agriculture is an emerging field that leverages stem cell biology, biotechnology, and tissue engineering to produce meat and other agricultural products through cell culture techniques. One of the most promising methods within this domain is three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, which allows for precise layering of cells to form sophisticated structures. In this study, we introduce fully automated chaotic bioprinting with a custom-built extrusion setup taking advantage of an integrated Kenics static mixer printhead to create plant and animal cell-based hybrid noodles. These bioprinted hybrid noodles are made of approximately 30-40% unicellular plant cells (Chlamydomonas or Chlorella microalgae) and 60-70% muscle cells (C2C12 or chicken myoblasts). We further 3D-bioprinted aesthetically appealing hybrid food products of various shapes and sizes, where their textures, nutritional contents, and cooking behaviors are evaluated. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that 3D bioprinting can reliably produce a distinct category of plant- and animal cell-based hybrid foods and highlights opportunities to create complex culinary designs and explore diverse nutritional profiles with precision and efficiency.

Indexed as

BioprintingPrinting, Three-DimensionalAnimalsCell LineChickensMiceMyoblastsPlant CellsTissue Engineering

Identifiers

PMID40721583
PMCPMC12304182

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.