ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025
Breaking boundaries in ankylosing spondylitis: how innovative cell therapies reshape immunity, drive cutting-edge advances, and face future challenges.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Therapeutic Insights and Immune Pathway Connections Revealed by Core Symptom Gene Network Analysis in Ankylosing Spondylitis.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Targeting macrophage-mediated TGF-β/BMP signaling in ankylosing spondylitis: from inflammation to pathological bone formation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease primarily affecting the axial skeleton, characterized by joint erosion and ankylosis. AS significantly impacts quality of life, work capacity and mental health through chronic pain, stiffness and functional decline. Its pathogenesis is multifactorial, involving genetic predispositions, immunological dysregulation and environmental triggers. Current treatments, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and immunosuppressive agents, offer limited symptomatic relief and fail to improve long-term prognosis due to efficacy limitations and side effects. Recent advances in cell therapy, particularly mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, demonstrate promise in addressing these limitations by providing immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and regenerative benefits. This review summarizes the pathogenesis of AS, the limitations of existing treatments and the clinical progress of MSC therapy, while exploring the potential of emerging CAR-based therapies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.