ArticleCureus2025
Association Between Pharyngeal Airway Volume and Craniofacial Morphology in Skeletal Class I and Class II Adult Patients Assessed Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography.
Article in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Risk Factors Associated with Dentofacial Anomalies [Including Malocclusion] in Adults.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to determine whether pharyngeal airway volumetric differences exist between orthodontic subjects with skeletal Class I and Class II adult participants, and to assess the correlation between age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). The identification of these relationships might enhance orthodontic diagnosis, airway risk assessment, and treatment planning. Materials and methods A prospective observational study was conducted on 32 participants (aged 18-28 years) who were equally divided into dentoskeletal Class I (n = 16) and skeletal Class II with dental Class II Division 1 (n = 16) groups, each with a balanced sex distribution. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were acquired using the Carestream 9300 Select (Carestream Dental LLC, Atlanta, GA) system with a field of view (FOV) of 10 × 10 cm, 90 kVp, 4 mA, and a voxel size of 180 µm. Pharyngeal airway volumes, such as nasopharyngeal (NPV), oropharyngeal (OPV), and total airway volume (TAV), were delineated using Carestream 3D imaging software (Carestream Dental, Rochester, NY). BMI was calculated from calibrated weight and height measurements. Intra- and inter-examiner reliability was confirmed (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 0.89-0.94). Statistical analysis included the Shapiro-Wilk test, independent t-tests comparing anatomical volumes across malocclusion and sex subgroups, and Pearson correlations (α = 0.05). Results The mean age did not differ significantly between sexes or malocclusion types (p > 0.05). BMI was significantly higher in Class I versus Class II (25.02 ± 4.17 vs. 21.41 ± 3.62 kg/m²; p = 0.014), with no sex-based BMI differences (p = 0.474). An independent t-test analysis of airway parameters by sex revealed no statistically significant differences between males and females (p > 0.05). No significant correlations were identified between BMI and airway volume (p > 0.05) in either group. Class II patients exhibited statistically significantly lower NPV and TAV (p < 0.05). No significant differences were noticed in OPV between malocclusion groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion This study demonstrated that patients with Class II Division 1 malocclusion exhibited significantly reduced NPV and TAV compared to those with Class I malocclusion, highlighting the influence of craniofacial morphology on airway dimensions.
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