ArticleUpsala journal of medical sciences2025
Elevated levels of aquaporin-4-containing extracellular vesicles in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with bipolar disorder.
Article in Upsala journal of medical sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Objectives: To examine a hypothetical dysfunction of the brain water channels in bipolar disorder by analyzing aquaporin-4 (AQP4) exposing extracellular vesicles (EVs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from individuals with bipolar disorder types 1 and 2, and healthy controls. Methods: We analyzed exposure of AQP4 EVs to three different epitopes - the N- and C-terminals, and the epitope containing amino acids 273-291 - in CSF by flow cytometry in 24 individuals with bipolar disorder (type 1, Results: We observed significantly higher levels of EVs expressing AQP4 in the CSF from individuals with bipolar disorder compared with healthy controls. Specifically, the mean ± SD concentration of AQP4 + EVs per μl CSF for the N-terminal epitope was 346 ± 22 in patients with bipolar disorder type 1, 386 ± 78 in those with bipolar disorder type 2, compared with 39 ± 6.9 in the healthy control group ( Conclusion: Our findings revealed significantly more EVs expressing the three AQP4 epitopes in patients with bipolar disorder compared with healthy controls. This suggests a dysregulated expression of AQP4, implicating a potential disruption in brain water homeostasis as a contributing pathogenic mechanism in bipolar disorder.
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