ArticleScandinavian journal of public health2026
Monthly changes in well-being among Danish employees from 2018 to 2022. Was there an influence of the COVID-19 pandemic?
Article in Scandinavian journal of public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimsThe COVID-19 pandemic affected life for a large proportion of the global population. In this study, we examined changes in well-being among employees in Denmark before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.
methodsWe used secondary survey data collected by a private company that had developed and provided a smartphone app to monitor employees' well-being using the WHO-5 questionnaire. We included 6758 employees from 77 workplaces, yielding 111,705 observations of well-being scores. We investigated time trends in well-being by comparing well-being scores in the years before (2018 and 2019), during (2020 and 2021) and after (2022) the COVID-19 pandemic. We further compared well-being scores during the months of three distinct COVID-19 waves with the corresponding months before the COVID-19 pandemic.
resultsWe observed a clear seasonal variation, with higher well-being scores during the summer months (July and August) in each year, regardless of the COVID-19 situation. In both men and women, annual well-being scores were lowest during the COVID-19 years (68.6, and 67.3, respectively) compared with annual well-being scores before (68.9 and 69.3) and after (70.1 and 68.7) the COVID-19 pandemic. During three distinct COVID-19 waves in Denmark, women, but not men, showed statistically significant lower well-being scores compared with the corresponding months before the COVID-19 pandemic (all
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