Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40717201›Full record

Trial reportEuropean journal of applied physiology2026

Comparative effects of unilateral, bilateral, and hybrid combined resistance training on straight punch performance in adolescent boxers: a focus on dominant and non-dominant-side adaptations.

Yang Liu, Lei Li, Mi Jiang, Jiaxian Geng

Abstract readRandomized Controlled TrialComparative Study
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in European journal of applied physiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Yang Liu *School of Physical Education, Nanchang Normal University, Nanchang, China.
Lei Li *School of Physical Education, Nanchang Normal University, Nanchang, China.
Mi JiangSchool of Physical Education, North East Normal University, Changchun, China.
Jiaxian GengSchool of Physical Education, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China. 02626@zjhu.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0007-2432-5482

Funding

This study was supported by the Science and Technology Research Project of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education (No. GJJ2202010)
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionThis study aimed to compare the differential effects of unilateral, bilateral, and hybrid complex resistance training on straight punch performance in adolescent boxers and to explore the regulatory mechanisms underlying different training modalities on dominant and non-dominant-side motor performance.

methodsThis study employed a parallel group design with three intervention groups: unilateral resistance training, bilateral resistance training, and hybrid combined training. Twenty-nine right-handed orthodox stance adolescent boxers were recruited and randomly assigned to a unilateral training group (UNI, n = 10), a hybrid training group (UNI + BI, n = 9), or a bilateral training group (BI, n = 10) for an 8-week specialized resistance training intervention. Based on bilateral one-repetition maximum (1RM) test results, unilateral training loads were set at 50% of bilateral 1RM, and bilateral training loads at 85% of bilateral 1RM. The Xsens MTw Awinda inertial motion capture system and GymAware linear sensor were synchronized to measure peak punch speed and sandbag swing linear velocity for the lead hand (non-dominant side) and rear hand (dominant side).

resultsTime main effect analysis revealed that all three training modalities significantly enhanced straight punch performance for both hands (lead hand: p < 0.01; rear hand: p < 0.05). Interaction effect analysis indicated that, for lead hand straight punch performance, the unilateral group (Δ22.3%) and hybrid group (Δ20.1%) exhibited significantly greater peak speed gains than the bilateral group (Δ9.6%, p < 0.05). The main effect of training type did not reach statistical significance (p > 0.05).

conclusionIn complex resistance training, unilateral and hybrid protocols more effectively improve non-dominant-side punching performance, likely due to neuromuscular adaptations driven by unilateral loads selectively activating weak link muscle groups and optimized motor unit recruitment through bilateral-unilateral coordinated training. It is recommended that coaches refine training designs by incorporating unilateral exercises and adjusting load distribution to enhance non-dominant-side performance and bilateral symmetry in adolescent boxers.

Indexed as

Adaptation, PhysiologicalAthletic PerformanceBoxingFunctional LateralityResistance TrainingAdolescentFemaleHumansMaleMuscle, SkeletalMuscle StrengthBilateral trainingBoxingCombined resistance trainingDominant sideHybrid trainingLead hand straight punchNon-dominant sidePunching performanceRear hand straight punchUnilateral training

Identifiers

PMID40717201

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.