Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40716472›Full record

ArticleAnnals of epidemiology2025

Incarceration is a key driver of racial disparities in community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in Cook County, IL.

Hannah Steinberg, William Trick, Chad Zawitz, Robert A Weinstein, Paul Won, Alla Aroutcheva, Evan Snitkin, Kyle J Popovich, Jon Zelner

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Annals of epidemiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Hannah SteinbergUniversity of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan School of Public Health, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Electronic address: hsteinb@umich.edu.
William TrickRush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Cook County Health, Cook County, IL, USA.
Chad ZawitzCook County Health, Cook County, IL, USA; Cermak Health Services, Cook County, IL, USA.
Robert A WeinsteinRush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Cook County Health, Cook County, IL, USA.
Paul WonRush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
Alla AroutchevaRush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Cook County Health, Cook County, IL, USA.
Evan SnitkinUniversity of Michigan, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Kyle J PopovichRush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Cook County Health, Cook County, IL, USA.
Jon ZelnerUniversity of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan School of Public Health, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Funding

Mitigating COVID-19 transmission in U.S. jailsR01AI146079 · NIAID · RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI POPOVICH, KYLE JEANNE · 2020 to 2025
$3.5M
NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI146079
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeDescribe inequities in community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections and identify social factors contributing to these disparities.

methodsWe characterized census tract-level risk factors for CA-MRSA infections in the Cook County Health (CCH) catchment population in Cook County, IL from 2009 to 2022 using hierarchical Poisson regression models. We conducted mediation analyses to estimate a) the total risk attributable to and b) proportion of between-tract disparities in CA-MRSA accounted for by census tract-level inequities in risk factors.

resultsCCH patients living in majority Black census tracts in Cook County had double the rate of CA-MRSA infections as compared to CCH patients living in majority white census tracts. Socio-economic indicators such as public transportation use and the presence of homeless shelters in a census tract were associated with CA-MRSA rates in multivariate analyses. However, jail admission rates explained the largest proportion of CA-MRSA burden (30 %) and racial inequities in CA-MRSA incidence (69 %). DISCUSSION: High risks of MRSA infection and colonization have consistently been documented among incarcerated and recently incarcerated individuals. Our results suggest that incarceration may also drive infections among non-incarcerated individuals living in communities with high levels of indirect exposure to jails, especially in majority Black census tracts.

Indexed as

Community-Acquired InfectionsHealth Status DisparitiesMethicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureusPrisonersStaphylococcal InfectionsAdultAgedBlack or African AmericanFemaleHumansIllinoisIncarcerationIncidenceMaleMiddle AgedRisk FactorsBayesian hierarchical modelingCommunity-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusCounterfactual simulationHealth disparitiesIncarcerationMediation analysisMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusRacial disparitiesSocial determinants of infectious disease

Identifiers

PMID40716472
PMCPMC13271500

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.