ArticleSurgical endoscopy2025
Assessing augmented reality displays in laparoscopic liver surgery - a clinical experience.
Article in Surgical endoscopy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Correspondence-free local-to-global liver deformation correction via implicit neural representation and biomechanical model.International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery · 2026Article
- Seeing the invisible: Three-dimensional liver modeling from simulation to the scalpel.Annals of hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery · 2026Review
- Toward augmented reality in laparoscopic liver surgery using electromagnetic tracking: a clinical feasibility study.Surgical endoscopy · 2026Article
- Effect of laparoscopic anatomical hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma based on individualized three-dimensional reconstruction model of portal vein region.World journal of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- Artificial intelligence for perioperative precision in surgical oncology.Frontiers in surgery · 2026Review
- Redefining precision in biliary surgery: a paradigm shift from operative mastery to prognostic-driven strategy.Frontiers in surgery · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeAugmented Reality (AR) is considered as a potential image guidance tool to increase the safety of laparoscopic liver surgery. By overlaying surface models of the liver and hepatic blood vessels derived from pre-operative 3D imaging onto the laparoscopic video images, surgeons can have more context on the surgical scene and perform more informed decisions. Although several techniques to enable AR have been reported, few studies have addressed clinical deployment feasibility and visual display requirements.
methodsWe present the results of a prospective study where a previously reported AR system, the Smartliver, has been evaluated with 13 participants consented for laparoscopic liver surgery. The system is optically tracked, the laparoscope is pre-operatively calibrated, and the AR overlay is obtained manually during surgery. We have prospectively tested 3 different AR displays and have obtained feedback from surgeons through Likert Scale questionnaires.
resultsQuestionnaire results on the suitability of displays for surgical use suggest the Smartliver AR overlay is intuitive, can help on decision-making, and has potential for future use. Surgeons showed preference for a display where only a restricted circular "hole" region of the 3D model is shown.
conclusionOptically tracked AR is easy to deploy, and surgeons agree on its potential to improve surgical outcomes of laparoscopic liver surgery. Future developments should focus on automating the AR overlay alignment process, predicting liver surface intra-operative deformations, and optimising the optical tracking system positioning.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.