Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40715271›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Design of a multi-epitope vaccine against drug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium bovis using reverse vaccinology.

Eva Akurut, Yahaya Gavamukulya, Julius Mulindwa, Moses Isiagi, Ronald Galiwango, Mudarshiru Bbuye, Ibra Lujumba, Davis Kiberu, Patricia Nabisubi, Grace Kebirungi and 7 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
  3. Vaccine development againstClinical and experimental vaccine research · 2026
    Review
  4. Article
  5. Design of a Novel Peptide-Based Vaccine TargetingInternational journal of dentistry · 2026
    Article
  6. Review
  7. Peptide-Based Strategies AgainstPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors.

Eva AkurutDepartment of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda. akuruteva@gmail.com.
Yahaya GavamukulyaDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, P.O. Box, 1460, Mbale, Uganda.
Julius MulindwaDepartment of Biochemistry and Sports Science, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
Moses IsiagiDepartment of Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, University of Cape Town, Private bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.
Ronald GaliwangoThe African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data-Intensive Sciences, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda.
Mudarshiru BbuyeVaccine and Epidemics Research group, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University Lung Institute, P.O. Box 7749, Kampala, Uganda.
Ibra LujumbaThe African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data-Intensive Sciences, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda.
Davis KiberuDepartment of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
Patricia NabisubiDepartment of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
Grace KebirungiThe African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data-Intensive Sciences, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda.
Andrew KambuguThe Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda.
Barbara CastelnuovoThe Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda.
Gyaviira NkurunungiMedical Research Council, School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Virus Research Institute and London, Entebbe, Uganda.
Daudi JjingoThe African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data-Intensive Sciences, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda.
Brenda OketchMedical Research Council, Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit | International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Entebbe, Uganda.
David Patrick KateeteDepartment of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
Gerald MboowaThe African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data-Intensive Sciences, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda. gmboowa@gmail.com.

Funding

HIV Co-infections in Uganda: TB, Cryptococcus, and Viral Hepatitis.D43TW009771 · FIC · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI CASTELNUOVO, BARBARA, KAMBUGU, ANDREW DDUNGU · 2014 to 2023
$3.3M
NURTURING GENOMICS AND BIOINFORMATICS RESEARCH CAPACITY IN AFRICA (BRecA)U2RTW010672 · FIC · MAKERERE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES · PI JJINGO, DAUDI, KATEETE, DAVID PATRICK · 2017 to 2022
$1.3M
FIC NIH HHS D43 TW009771FIC NIH HHS U2R TW010672Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health - Fogarty Masters in Bioinformatics Research Funds -Infectious Disease Institute D43TW009771Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health -Nurturing Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Capacity in Africa (BRECA) 5U2RTW010672-04She Data Science (SHEDS) program: Empowering Uganda's Women in Health Data Science: Identifying Barriers, Bridging Knowledge and Innovation for Tangible Impact; through a collaborative agreement with the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Agreement No. UFRA-460
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The global burden of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) and Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), the rise of drug-resistant strains, necessitates an urgent need for developing more effective vaccines. This study employed an in-silico approach to design a multi-epitope vaccine targeting the PE_PGRS16 protein, a conserved virulence factor found across both species, including drug-resistant strains. PE_PGRS16 was chosen due to its extracellular localization, adhesion properties, and virulence characteristics, making it a promising vaccine target. Epitopes for B-cells, Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes, and Helper T Lymphocytes were selected based on antigenicity, non-toxicity, and immune response potential. The vaccine construct demonstrated favorable properties, including high antigenicity, solubility, and stability, with a low instability index (-31.31) and binding energy (-44.566) when docked to TLR4, suggesting its potential for immune activation. Griselimycin was incorporated as an adjuvant to enhance immunogenicity, as predicted by C-ImmSim simulations. Population coverage analysis for East Africa revealed high applicability, with 98.35% coverage for Class I epitopes, 100% coverage for Class II epitopes, and 100% combined coverage, with average hit values of 8.4, 12.26, and 20.66, respectively. These results suggest broad potential for global vaccine deployment. This study presents a novel multi-epitope vaccine targeting PE_PGRS16, with the potential to combat Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis infections, including drug-resistant forms. Further experimental validation is necessary to confirm its efficacy and safety.

Indexed as

EpitopesMycobacterium bovisMycobacterium tuberculosisTuberculosis, Multidrug-ResistantTuberculosis VaccinesAnimalsBacterial ProteinsEpitopes, B-LymphocyteEpitopes, T-LymphocyteHumansVaccinologyBacterial ProteinsEpitopesEpitopes, B-LymphocyteEpitopes, T-LymphocyteTuberculosis VaccinesBCGDrug resistanceMolecular DockingMycobacterium bovisMycobacterium tuberculosisReverse vaccinologyTuberculosisVaccines

Identifiers

PMID40715271
PMCPMC12297362

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.