Vehicles detection through wireless sensors networks and optical fiber sensors.

Due to the evolving variations in government and political systems both domestically and internationally, along with the imposition of high tariffs at borders, these borders have become vulnerable points for terrorism and smuggling activities. Consequently, each country endeavors to develop its own protection systems, with the technologies employed varying depending on the severity and significance of the installations to be safeguarded. While some of these technologies are costly and redundant, others offer effective and adaptable levels of efficiency. Therefore, designing a surveillance system capable of monitoring and controlling access has become essential. In this context, the present work holds significant strategic and geopolitical importance. It integrates established alarm and monitoring methods with innovative Internet of Things (IoT) applications, including Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and Optical Fiber Sensors (OFS). This article introduces the deployment of wireless radar nodes in conjunction with Bragg fiber sensors to identify each approaching intruding vehicle in the monitored zone, enabling the determination of its speed, weight, and wheelbase distance. Our system's results demonstrated acceptable levels of intruder detection and classification. We verify that the wavelength-based pressure detection error rate is small, approximately 0.05 kg/cm2. The wheelbase distance estimate had an error rate of around 0.012 m, while the weight calculation from the pressure had an error rate of about 12 kg. This value is negligible and cannot skew the outcome. In our case, we apply WSN, radar and optical fiber sensors to detect vehicles in the border area. However, several works in literature.