Sentinel-2 enabled E. coli and Enterococcus faecal bacteria surveillance in coastal-recreational waters.

Masuma Chowdhury, Irene Laiz, Ignacio de la Calle

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

1citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

Multi-approach integrating water quality variables, remote sensing, eDNA and histopathology for assessing the impact of microbial pollution on Nile Tilapia from Kitchener Drain, Northern Egypt.BMC microbiology · 2026
Article

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Masuma ChowdhuryQuasar Science Resources, S.L, Camino de las Ceudas 2, Las Rozas de Madrid, 28232, Spain. masuma.chowdhury@quasarsr.com.

Irene LaizDepartamento de Física Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Campus de Excelencia, Cádiz, Spain.

Ignacio de la CalleQuasar Science Resources, S.L, Camino de las Ceudas 2, Las Rozas de Madrid, 28232, Spain.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Monitoring faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Enterococcus, in recreational waters is crucial for public health and environmental safety. Although satellite data is widely utilized for water quality monitoring, its direct use for monitoring FIB represents a novel and valuable application. This study pioneers the use of Sentinel-2 imagery to develop empirical models that identify, map and monitor E. coli and Enterococcus across 20 beaches in Calvià, Mallorca, Spain. Employing spectral indices derived from Sentinel-2 reflectance at 2022, 1614, and 443 nm wavelengths, the models effectively identified and distinguished bacterial contamination from traditional water quality indicators, including chlorophyll-a, turbidity, suspended matter, and coloured dissolved organic matter. The developed models demonstrated strong predictive capabilities (R

Indexed as

EnterococcusEnvironmental MonitoringEscherichia coliFecesSeawaterWater MicrobiologyBathing BeachesHumansSpainWater QualityBathing water qualityFaecal bacteriaRemote sensingSpectral analysisSustainable tourism

Identifiers

PMID40715211

DOI10.1038/s41598-025-11233-1

PMCPMC12297585

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY-NC-ND

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.