ArticleNature medicine2025
Human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses in the United States from March 2024 to May 2025.
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Article in Nature medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
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36citing papers in PubMed
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed.
- Antiviral activities of multiple antivirals against highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Antiviral susceptibility of clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses from humans in the United States, October 2024 to February 2025.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Syrian hamster is a valuable animal model for evaluating the transmissibility of emerging influenza viruses.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Experimental Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Alpacas, 2026.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Influenza.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2026Review
- Cellular tropism of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses in human respiratory and bovine mammary epithelial cells.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Standing HA phenotypic breadth shapes H5N1 cross-host potential.Research square · 2026Article
- Cattle and human organoids reveal 2.3.4.4b H5N1 cross-species transmission potential and neuraminidase-specific neutralizing antibodies in humans.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Article
- Heterogeneous viral-host response at single-cell resolution and viral adaptive mutational atlas in birds and mammals upon H5 influenza virus infection.National science review · 2026Article
- Navigating the Future of Respiratory Infections: Key Insights From International Congress in Singapore, 17-20 September 2025.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2026Article
- Multimodal Data Approaches for Examining the 2024-2025 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Outbreak in the United States: Descriptive Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2026Article
- Hemagglutinin E190D substitution in clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) influenza virus reduces receptor binding and viral fitness.Npj viruses · 2026Article
- Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Avian Influenza Among Owners of Backyard Flocks - United States, July-December 2025.MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report · 2026Article
- Population immunity to clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 is dominated by anti-neuraminidase antibodies.mBio · 2026Article
- Mammary and respiratory infection of sheep with H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b viruses with milk-mediated transmission to lambs.Science advances · 2026Article
- Fatal Human Case of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N5) in a Backyard Flock Owner - Washington, November 2025.MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report · 2026Article
- Central Nervous System Involvement by Novel Clade 2.3.2.1e H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus in a Pediatric Patient.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Replication Efficiency of Contemporary Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Isolates in Human Nasal Epithelium Model.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Next-Generation Sequencing Strategies During the 2024-2025 Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Emergency Response in the U.S.Viruses · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
80 authors.
Melissa A Rolfes *Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. ydi8@cdc.gov.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0483-9941
Krista Kniss *Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Marie K KirbyInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0859-9604
Shikha GargInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Katie ReinhartInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
C Todd DavisInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Erin L MurrayCalifornia Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA.
Debra A WadfordCalifornia Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8630-427X
Kathleen HarrimanCalifornia Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2416-9663
Sophie ZhuCalifornia Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8694-4058
Caterina Y LiuCalifornia Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA.
Christina MoralesCalifornia Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA.
Denise LopezTulare County Department of Health and Human Services, Visalia, CA, USA.
Laura EsbenshadeTulare County Department of Health and Human Services, Visalia, CA, USA.
Kavita K TrivediAlameda County Public Health Department, San Leandro, CA, USA.
Farrell A TobolowskySan Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Thi DangWashington State Department of Health Office of Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Tumwater, WA, USA.
Anna UnutzerWashington State Department of Health Office of Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Tumwater, WA, USA.
Steven KragerBenton-Franklin Health District, Kennewick, WA, USA.
Kaylyn BaumPublic Health Division, Wyoming Department of Health, Cheyenne, WY, USA.
Emily J CurrenPublic Health Division, Wyoming Department of Health, Cheyenne, WY, USA.
Alexia HarristPublic Health Division, Wyoming Department of Health, Cheyenne, WY, USA.
Julie HandLouisiana Department of Health, New Orleans, LA, USA.
Theresa SokolLouisiana Department of Health, New Orleans, LA, USA.
Andrea SalinasLouisiana Department of Health, New Orleans, LA, USA.
Amy BunchLouisiana Department of Health, New Orleans, LA, USA.
Danielle HaydelLouisiana Department of Health, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
Nicholas FisherOhio Department of Health, Columbus, OH, USA.
Sara F MargreyOhio Department of Health, Columbus, OH, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0009-8368-9096
Laurie BillingOhio Department of Health, Columbus, OH, USA.
George TurabelidzeMissouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, MO, USA.
Jessica GoswitzMissouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, MO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0006-5992-0727
Leslie KavlakMissouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, MO, USA.
Emilio GonzalesTexas Depart of State Health Services, Austin, TX, USA.
Whitney TillmanTexas Depart of State Health Services, Austin, TX, USA.
Susan RolloTexas Depart of State Health Services, Austin, TX, USA.
Cherissa Abdul HamidTexas Depart of State Health Services, Austin, TX, USA.
Deborah AragonColorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, USA.
Mackenzie OwenColorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, USA.
Allison KohnenColorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6945-1307
Amy HoehneIowa Department of Health and Human Services, Des Moines, IA, USA.
Andy WeigelIowa Department of Health and Human Services, Des Moines, IA, USA.
Andrew HennenfentIowa Department of Health and Human Services, Des Moines, IA, USA.
Victoria SepcicCentral Nevada Health District, Fallon, NV, USA.
Tim SouthernNevada State Public Health Laboratory, Reno, NV, USA.
Cindy BeardEpidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0006-8468-8333
Ryan ScholzOregon Department of Agriculture, Salem, OR, USA.
Sarah PresentClackamas County Public Health Division, Oregon City, OR, USA.
Melissa SuttonOregon Health Authority, Salem, OR, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8817-8724
Jennifer MorseMid-Michigan District Health Department, Stanton, MI, USA.
Meghan WeinbergMichigan Department of Health and Human Services, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Seth EckelMichigan Department of Health and Human Services, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Thomas HauptWisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, WI, USA.
Angela MaxtedWisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, WI, USA.
Karla Potts-ShufeltBarron County Department of Health and Human Services, Barron, WI, USA.
Demetre C DaskalakisNational Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Lizette O DurandInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Feng LiuInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6939-6427
Benjamin Rambo-MartinInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Kristine A LacekInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6247-5082
Julia C FrederickInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Jimma LiddellInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Natasha BurnettInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Lisa M KeongInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8211-659X
Juliana DaSilvaInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Sydney R SheffieldInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Malania M WilsonInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Han DiInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Sabrina S SchatzmanInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Yunho JangInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
A Danielle IulianoInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Alexia CoutureInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Alicia P BuddInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Min Z LevineInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3197-1649
Larisa V GubarevaInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Tom T ShimabukuroInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Timothy M UyekiInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5338-8668
Vivien G DuganInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Carrie ReedInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Sonja J OlsenInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8983-1913
Funding
Intramural CDC HHS CC999999
Abstract
Between March 2024 and October 2024, 46 human cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) had been detected in the United States. The persistent panzootic spread of HPAI A(H5N1) viruses and continued detection of human cases presents an ongoing threat to public health. In this study, between November 2024 and May 2025, an additional 24 cases have been reported for a total of 70 human cases of HPAI A(H5N1): 41 were exposed to dairy cows, 24 to commercial poultry, two to backyard poultry and three had an unidentified source of exposure. All sequenced viruses were clade 2.3.4.4b. Overall, 62 cases (89%) reported eye redness, 32 (46%) fever and 29 (41%) respiratory symptoms; 54 of 67 cases (81%) reported receiving antiviral treatment. Most illnesses were mild; however, four patients were hospitalized. Of the hospitalized patients, three had pneumonia and one died. No human-to-human transmission was detected. Occupational exposure to infected animals was a risk factor for HPAI A(H5N1) virus infection and the risk to the general population remains low; however, the two cases exposed to infected backyard poultry and three cases with unidentified exposures highlight that ongoing vigilance is warranted.
Indexed as
Influenza A Virus, H5N1 SubtypeInfluenza, HumanInfluenza in BirdsAdolescentAdultAgedAnimalsCattleChildFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPoultryRisk FactorsUnited States
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