ArticleDiabetes care2025
DNA Methylation Smoking Scores and Risk of Islet Autoimmunity and Type 1 Diabetes.
Article in Diabetes care, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes in offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Biomolecules & biomedicine · 2025Pooled it
- A Secular Increase in the Incidence of Islet Autoimmunity Among Colorado Children With Moderate-Risk HLA Genotypes.Diabetes care · 2026Article
- Artificial intelligence-driven therapeutics for disease modification in type 1 diabetes: a digital public health and clinical translation framework.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Environmental Mechanisms Influencing the Pathogenesis and Progression of Type 1 Diabetes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Cross-talk between aging resilience pathways and autoimmunity onset.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveMultiple studies have reported an inverse association between self-reported smoking during pregnancy and offspring type 1 diabetes (T1D) risk. We investigated the association between DNA methylation (DNAm) smoke exposure scores, parental self-reported smoking, and islet autoimmunity (IA) and T1D risk in children at high risk of T1D. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsWe used longitudinal data from the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young cohort, including 205 IA case and 206 control participants (87 and 88 were T1D case and control participants, respectively), matched by age, race/ethnicity, and sample availability. DNAm profiles were obtained from cord or peripheral blood using the Infinium Human Methylation 450K or EPIC BeadChip. Three published DNAm smoking scores were calculated at every time point. To estimate in utero smoke exposure, participant-specific intercepts were derived from mixed-effects models of longitudinal DNAm scores. These intercepts strongly correlated with cord blood scores (r = 0.85-0.95; n = 179), indicating their utility as proxies for in utero smoke exposure. Associations with IA/T1D were evaluated using logistic regression, adjusting for HLA-DR3/4, first-degree relative status, and sex.
resultsMultivariable models showed both maternally reported smoking during pregnancy and higher DNAm smoking scores to be associated with lower risk of IA and T1D. Maternal smoking showed a strong inverse association with IA (odds ratio [OR] 0.24; 95% CI 0.10-0.54). Rauschert and McCartney DNAm scores showed consistent inverse associations with both outcomes (OR 0.65-0.83 for SD increase).
conclusionsOur study supports existing literature indicating in utero smoke exposure is associated with reduced IA and T1D risk. Further research is essential to uncover the underlying mechanisms.
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