Trial reportAnnals of medicine2025
Comparison between butorphanol and nalbuphine for alleviation of catheter-related bladder discomfort and emergence agitation in patients undergoing open spinal surgery: a randomized clinical trial.
Trial report in Annals of medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Dural tear with severe irrigation-related complications during unilateral biportal endoscopy under general anesthesia: a case series and literature review.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Regarding: 'comparison between butorphanol and nalbuphine for alleviation of catheter-related bladder discomfort and emergence agitation in patients undergoing open spinal surgery: a randomized clinical trial'.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionOpioid receptor agonist/antagonists have positive effects in the management of catheter-related bladder discomfort (CRBD). Whether the differences in κ receptor affinity will have different effects is still unknown. This study aims to compare the efficacy of opioid agents with varying κ receptor affinity profiles in alleviating CRBD and emergence agitation (EA). PATIENTS AND
methodsA total of 120 patients undergoing open spinal surgery were randomly assigned into three groups: saline group, butorphanol group, and nalbuphine group. All drugs were injected intravenously 30 min before the end of surgery. The primary outcomes were the incidence of moderate to severe CRBD and EA at 5 min after tracheal extubation. Secondary outcomes included the severity of CRBD, numerical rating scales (NRS), Richmond agitation-sedation scale (RASS) at five time points after tracheal extubation, the need for rescue analgesia and the incidence of adverse events were also recorded.
resultsThe incidence of moderate to severe CRBD was significantly lower in group B compared to group C (
conclusionsOpioid receptor agonist/antagonists demonstrate efficacy in preventing CRBD and EA without significant adverse events. Butorphanol exhibits superior efficacy to nalbuphine in the early postoperative period.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.