Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40711129›Full record

SynthesisToxins2025

Procedural Pain Management in Patients with Cerebral Palsy Undergoing Botulinum Toxin Injection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Silvia Faccioli, Alessandro Ehsani, Shaniko Kaleci, Giulia Tonini, Ilaria Tagliani, Mario Vetrano, Silvia Sassi

Abstract readSystematic ReviewMeta-Analysis
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Toxins, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Silvia FaccioliPediatric Rehabilitation Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-0170-3766
Alessandro EhsaniPhysical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy.
Shaniko KaleciSurgical Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-1166-2961
Giulia ToniniDepartment of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
Ilaria TaglianiDepartment of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
Mario VetranoPhysical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy.
Silvia SassiPediatric Rehabilitation Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe aim of this systematic review is to investigate effectiveness and safety of sedation-analgesia techniques in controlling pain during botulinum injections in patients with cerebral palsy (CP).

methodsThe Pubmed, Cinahl, and Scopus databases were searched. Inclusion criteria were as follows: cerebral palsy; any type of outcome measure regarding pain and side effects assessment; any type of studies; and English language. RoB2 and Robins-I were applied to assess the risk of bias. Tables and forest plots synthetized the findings.

resultsSeventeen reports were included; most regarded pain control, and ten investigated side effects. Three were RCTs, three were controlled, and twelve were observational studies. Several techniques were used, often in combination, such as non-pharmacological approaches (clown care or virtual reality); topical anesthesia with Emla

conclusionsAll the techniques are safe, if administered in an appropriate setting. Deep sedation is more effective in pain control but requires an anesthetist. A combined individualized approach is preferrable. PROSPERO CRD42025639999.

Indexed as

Botulinum ToxinsCerebral PalsyPain ManagementProcedural PainHumansBotulinum Toxinsadverse effectsanalgesiabotulinum toxinscerebral palsypainrehabilitationsedationspasticity

Identifiers

PMID40711129
PMCPMC12298486

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.