ArticleFrontiers in immunology2025
Plasma testosterone concentration is correlated with circulating immune cell abundance in transgender young people on gender-affirming hormone treatment.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- The HIV Reservoir and Immune Landscape Across the Life Course of Women: Implications for Cure Strategies.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Impact of testosterone-based gender-affirming hormone therapy on toll-like receptor transcript levels and peripheral blood leukocyte counts in transmasculine individuals.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Observational
- Rapid review of gender-affirming healthcare for children and adolescents: Evidence synthesis (2021-2025) and recommendations for South Africa.Southern African journal of HIV medicine · 2026Review
- Rapid Review of Gender-Affirming Healthcare for Children and Adolescents: Evidence Synthesis (2021-2025) and Recommendations for South Africa.Research square · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Sex hormones, such as oestrogen and testosterone, display significant immune modulatory properties. This is highly relevant for transgender (trans) people who undergo gender-affirming hormone (GAH) treatment. However, only a limited number of studies have evaluated the immunological impact of GAH treatments, and almost none have assessed the impact in trans young people. Following recruitment to the Gender and IMmunity study (GIM) (n =100), biological samples were collected from trans young people (n = 47) including: trans males (birth-registered females taking testosterone-based GAH) and trans females (birth-registered males taking oestrogen-based GAH). All trans participants had taken GAH for at least 6 months. Samples were also collected from control individuals not taking GAH (n = 53). Immune profiles were evaluated using an 18-colour flow cytometry panel. In addition, the commercially available 37-parameter MaxPar panel was used for analysis of a subset of samples (n = 36) by mass cytometry (CyTOF). Immune cell abundance was compared across experimental groups, and correlated with plasma concentrations of oestradiol and testosterone using multiple regression models. From multiple comparisons analyses grouped by birth-registered sex, several differences were detected in the trans groups compared to control groups, in particular relating to abundance of B and T cell subsets. These differences appeared to be mainly associated with levels of plasma testosterone. The most notable differences were in trans males, who had lower numbers of CD11c
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