ArticleCureus2025
Balancing Nutrition and Osmolality: Risk of Hyperosmolality During Individualized Fortification With Protein Fortifiers in an In Vitro Study.
Article in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Trial
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIndividualized fortification of human milk with protein fortifiers (PFs) and fat fortifiers (FFs) helps optimize the nutritional requirements of preterm infants but increases osmolality. This study aims to evaluate the impact of PFs and FFs on the osmolality of human milk fortified with multi-component fortifiers (MCFs).
methodsThe osmolality of 25 mL of expressed breast milk (EBM) was measured with six MCFs (1 g each), preterm formula (PTF), PF, and FF separately. Additionally, the osmolality of 25 mL of sterile water was measured with 1 g of each MCF separately. PF was added in increasing amounts (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 g) to fortified human milk (FHM), and the maximum amount of PF that could be added without exceeding the osmolality of 450 mOsm/kg was determined.
resultsThe osmolality of EBM was 288 mOsm/kg, which increased to 384 mOsm/kg with the addition of 1 g of PTF. Among FHM, the highest osmolality was observed with MCF4 (428 mOsm/kg), and the lowest with MCF6 (327 mOsm/kg). The addition of 0.5 g of PF to FHM with MCF1 and MCF4 increased osmolality beyond the safe threshold but was within safe limits with MCF2, MCF3, MCF5, and MCF6. When 1 g of PF was added to FHM with MCF2 and MCF3, osmolality exceeded 450 mOsm/kg. However, osmolality remained within safe limits with the addition of 1.5 g of PF to FHM with MCF5 and MCF6. The addition of 1 g of FF did not alter the osmolality of EBM.
conclusionThe addition of MCFs increases the osmolality of EBM, although within safe limits. However, as the addition of PF to FHM further raises the osmolality, it is essential to select the type of MCF and adjust the amount of PF to maintain osmolality within safe threshold limits.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.