Observational studyFrontiers in public health2025
Global burden of low back pain attributable to smoking in 204 countries and territories in 1990-2021.
Observational study in Frontiers in public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- [Analysis of disease burden, attributable risk factors of low back pain in China from 1990 to 2023 and prediction for 2030].Zhongguo xiu fu chong jian wai ke za zhi = Zhongguo xiufu chongjian waike zazhi = Chinese journal of reparative and reconstructive surgery · 2026Article
- Impact of Tobacco Exposure on Low Back Pain-Related Disability-Adjusted Life Years in China: Trends From 1990-2021 and Projections for the Next 15 years Using ARIMA Modeling.Journal of pain research · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Smoking has a major influence on the development and worsening of low back pain (LBP). However, the effect of smoking on the burden of LBP has not been thoroughly examined at the global, regional, and national levels. This study aims to analyze the trends in smoking-related LBP from 1990 to 2021. It uses data from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease (GBD), providing scientific evidence for policy-making. Methods: This observational study, based on population data, used epidemiological information on LBP due to smoking from the GBD 2021 study. The study categorized the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from smoking-related LBP by year, age, country, and socio-demographic index (SDI). Trends in smoking-related LBP from 1990 to 2021 were assessed using the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC). The GBD frontier analysis was used to monitor and assess progress toward global health goals. Furthermore, the Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model was applied to predict trends in smoking-related LBP from 2022 to 2036. Results: In 2021, smoking-related LBP was responsible for 8823.84 × 10 Conclusion: From 1990 to 2021, the global ASDR of LBP attributable to smoking decreased, and this downward trend is expected to persist. However, regions with high smoking rates and low socio-economic status still face a significant burden from smoking-related LBP. The data from these regions highlight the need for targeted health policies and interventions to further reduce the burden of smoking-related LBP.
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