ArticleCytoJournal2025
Sex-determining region Y-Box 4 promotes the progression of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and enhances regulatory T-cell infiltration and immune suppression.
Article in CytoJournal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis-immune microenvironment crosstalk: emerging mechanisms and immunotherapy.Cellular & molecular biology letters · 2026Review
- Research progress ofFrontiers in immunology · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: This study examined the role of sex-determining region Y-box 4 (SOX4) in sorafenib-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and its potential therapeutic relevance by focusing on the effects of SOX4 knockdown on tumor growth, apoptosis, and immune infiltration. Material and Methods: A sorafenib-resistant HCC cell line (sorafenib-resistant HepG2 [SR-HepG2]) was established by gradually increasing the sorafenib dose (1-7 μM) over 12 months. The messenger RNA and protein expression levels of SOX4 in HepG2 and SR-HepG2 cells were analyzed by a quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Small interfering RNA (SOX4) or SOX4 overexpression plasmids were introduced into SR-HepG2 cells through transfection, and the effects on cell proliferation, colony formation, and apoptosis were evaluated using 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine staining, colony formation assays, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assays. For Results: Compared with those in the parental HepG2 cells, the transcriptional and translational expression levels of SOX4 were significantly elevated in the SR-HepG2 cells ( Conclusions: SOX4 overexpression drives sorafenib resistance in HCC cells by promoting cellular growth, inhibiting apoptosis, and enhancing immune evasion. Conversely, SOX4 knockdown inhibits tumor growth, alters immune cell infiltration, and reduces immune escape. Hence, targeting SOX4 is a promising therapeutic approach to overcome sorafenib resistance in HCC.
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