ReviewCurrent HIV research2026
Unveiling an Immunological Mystery: Deciphering the Durability Divide in Vaccine-Elicited Antibody Responses.
Review in Current HIV research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Waning immunity and the future of booster vaccination strategies in global vaccine programs post COVID-19.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Current HIV Research Thematic Issue on "HIV Vaccine Development".Current HIV research · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Achieving durable antibody-mediated protection remains critical in vaccine development, particularly for viral diseases like COVID-19 and HIV. We discuss factors influencing antibody durability, highlighting the role of long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) in the bone marrow, which are essential for sustained antibody production over many years. The frequencies and properties of bone marrow LLPC are critical determinants of the broad spectrum of antibody durability for different vaccines. Vaccines for diseases like measles and mumps elicit long-lasting antibodies; those for COVID-19 and HIV do not. High epitope densities in the vaccine are known to favor antibody durability, but we discuss three underappreciated variables that also play a role in long-lived antibody responses. First, in addition to high epitope densities, we discuss the importance of CD21 as a critical determinant of antibody durability. CD21 is a B cell antigen receptor (BCR) complex component. It significantly affects BCR signaling strength in a way essential for generating LLPC in the bone marrow. Second, all antibody-secreting cells (ASC) are not created equal. There is a four-log range of antibody secretion rates, and we propose epigenetic imprinting of different rates on ASC, including LLPC, as a factor in antibody durability. Third, antibody durability afforded by bone marrow LLPC is independent of continuous antigenic stimulation. By contrast, tissue-resident T-bet+CD21low ASC also persists in secondary lymphoid tissues and continuously produces antibodies depending on persisting antigen and the tissue microenvironment. We discuss these variables in the context of making an HIV vaccine that elicits broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV that persist at protective levels without continuous vaccination over many years.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.