ArticleChild's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery2025
Predictors of need for delayed bone flap removal following primary craniotomy for subdural and extradural empyema in the paediatric population.
Article in Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
introductionIntracranial infections such as subdural or extradural empyema are common in the paediatric population. Majority of intracranial infections arise following a significant sinusitis with secondary involvement of adjacent structures. Craniotomy and evacuation of empyema followed by prolonged antibiotic therapy is the mainstay treatment. Immediate placement of the bone flap following primary evacuation of pus is common in the absence of clear evidence of osteomyelitis. A small proportion of patients however require reoperation for delayed removal of the bone flap due to empyema recurrence. There is a paucity of data on predictors of bone flap removal. The aim of this study was 1) to assess the incidence of need for bone flap removal in patients following initial craniotomy and evacuation of empyema and 2) to identify any factors that may be associated with need for delayed removal of bone flap due to empyema recurrence.
methodsA retrospective review of all cases undergoing craniotomy/craniectomy for evacuation of subdural or extradural empyema was performed for a period of 16 years (2008-2024). Cases requiring bone flap removal at first or subsequent surgeries were identified. Factors analysed included age, sex, microorganism, compartment of empyema, need for bone flap removal and time to bone flap removal, reoperation reason and number, and concurrent sinus surgery to elucidate any predictors for delayed craniectomy.
resultsOverall 96 children underwent craniotomies for evacuation of subdural and/or extradural empyema over the study period with a mean age of 10.3 years and a male-to-female ratio of 60 to 36 (M:F 1.7:1). Empyema compartments involved included 61 subdural, 23 extradural, and 12 mixed compartments. Sinusitis was the most common cause and was found in 73% of the cases. A total of 7.3% of the cases required removal of bone flap as part of management of infection which included 4 (4.2%) cases of craniectomy in the first surgery due to frank osteomyelitis of bone and 3 cases (3.1%) of delayed/secondary craniectomy. In the delayed bone flap removal cohort, time from first surgery to delayed craniectomy had a mean of 12.3 days. Patients requiring delayed/secondary bone flap removal following first surgery had higher number of reoperations for pus recollection compared to patients not requiring flap removal (3 versus 1.4, p < 0.001). Age, sex, compartment of empyema, concurrent sinus surgery, and micro-organism were not associated with delayed bone flap removal.
conclusionNeed for delayed bone flap removal for recurrent empyema is rare at a rate of 3.1% over 16 years. Immediate placement of bone flap in the absence of clear osteomyelitis or raised ICP is safe. Recurrent empyema in same site despite primary pus evacuation and antibiotics may require consideration for delayed bone flap removal.
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