Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40707842›Full record

ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2026

Racial/Ethnic and Regional Disparities in Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths among Children and Adolescents in the United States.

Greta Muriel Eikermann, Can Martin Ludeke, Annika Eyth, Aline M Grimm, Tina Ramishvili, Felix Borngaesser, Maira Rudolph, Nicole Aber, Corinne M Kyriacou, Giselle D Jaconia and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Greta Muriel EikermannEthical Culture Fieldston School, New York, New York, NY, USA.
Can Martin LudekeDepartment of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA.
Annika EythDepartment of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA.
Aline M GrimmDepartment of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA.
Tina RamishviliDepartment of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA.
Felix BorngaesserDepartment of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA.
Maira RudolphDepartment of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA.
Nicole AberDepartment of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA.
Corinne M KyriacouDepartment of Population Health, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA.
Giselle D JaconiaDepartment of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA.
Jerry ChaoDepartment of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA.
Ibraheem M KarayeDepartment of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA. ikaraye@montefiore.org.ORCID 0000-0001-6544-409X

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundDespite the opioid crisis being declared a national emergency in 2017, few studies have examined disparities in overdose mortality trends among children and adolescents. This study assessed trends in opioid-involved overdose mortality among U.S. individuals aged 0 to 19 years, categorized by age, sex, race/ethnicity, census region, opioid type (prescription, synthetic, and heroin), and county rural/urban designation, from 1999 to 2019.

methodsMortality data were sourced from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research Database. Opioid-related deaths were identified using ICD-10 codes. Crude and age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) were assessed by age, sex, race/ethnicity, census region, opioid type, and county rural/urban designation. Temporal trends were analyzed using Joinpoint regression to estimate annual percentage changes (APC) and average APC. 95% confidence intervals were derived using the Empirical Quantile method and the Parametric Method.

resultsBetween 1999 and 2019, 10,799 children and adolescents died from opioid overdoses (AAMR = 0.6 per 100,000; 95% CI: 0.6-0.6). From 2013-2019, overall mortality increased by 4.5% annually (95% CI: 0.91, 15.54). Mortality trends increased among Non-Hispanic Black (APC = 7.84; 95% CI: 5.12-10.56) and Hispanic individuals (APC = 5.29; 95% CI: 2.84-7.74) from 1999 to 2019, while remaining stable among Non-Hispanic White individuals from 2004 to 2019 (APC = -0.69; 95% CI: -2.09 to 0.58). Mortality rates also increased in the Northeast from 1999 to 2019 (APC = 4.23; 95% CI: 2.70-5.78) and in the West from 2015 to 2019 (APC = 21.96; 95% CI: 13.50-39.67), with a sharp increase in deaths involving synthetic opioids from 2014 to 2019 (APC = 43.37; 95% CI: 21.13-120.46).

conclusionsOpioid overdose mortality trends among US children and adolescents have increased in recent years. Contemporary rises are most pronounced among Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic children, in the Northeastern and Western regions, and from synthetic opioids. The disparities in opioid-related deaths underscores the need for targeted interventions and continued  research to inform public health strategies.

Indexed as

Analgesics, OpioidDrug OverdoseEthnicityHealth Status DisparitiesOpiate OverdoseRacial GroupsAdolescentChildChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansInfantInfant, NewbornMaleRural PopulationUnited StatesAnalgesics, OpioidAdolescentsChildrenDisparitiesEpidemicMortalityOpioidsRace/ethnicityUnited States

Identifiers

PMID40707842
PMCPMC13546327

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.