ArticleNPJ breast cancer2025
Subtype- and race-specific variations in the immune landscape of breast cancer: therapeutic implications.
Article in NPJ breast cancer, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Targeting the tumor microenvironment: a new strategy for natural products in breast cancer therapy.Natural products and bioprospecting · 2026Review
- Racial Disparity in Ductal Carcinoma in Situ: Risk-Predictive and Actionable Biomarkers for Early Intervention.Cancers · 2026Review
- Correlation analysis of positive Alzheimer's disease plasma biological markers with plasma immune cell and clinical characteristics in mild cognitive impairment patients in China.BMC immunology · 2026Article
- ZNF831 suppresses triple-negative breast cancer progression through NLRP3-associated pyroptotic signaling and M1-like macrophage phenotypic remodeling.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2026Article
- Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in triple-negative breast cancer: molecular mechanisms, spatial regulation, and therapeutic implications.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2026Review
- The Immunoregulatory Roles of ERα in Breast Cancer: Mechanisms, Crosstalk, and Therapeutic Insights.Journal of cancer prevention · 2026Review
- B cell-mediated immune surveillance defines the favorable prognosis of occult breast cancer: a multi-omics study.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with distinct molecular subtypes that disproportionately affects Black women. Immune cells are a key component of the tumor microenvironment, influencing tumor growth and treatment outcomes. Here, we explored immune landscape differences between TNBC and non-TNBC subtypes, assessing any race-specific patterns. TNBC showed higher infiltration of B-cells, Treg cells, Th1 cells, and CD8+ cells, and fewer mast cells than non-TNBC. Race-wise comparisons revealed that White TNBC had more Th1 cells than Black TNBC, while Black non-TNBC exhibited higher NK and Treg cells but lower DCs. KEGG pathway analysis identified immunosuppression in TNBC, with Black patients exhibiting the same regardless of molecular subtype. Higher TAM and lower T-cell infiltration were linked to metastatic disease. In White patients, lower immune cells (particularly T-cells, DCs, and NK cells) correlated with more metastasis, but not in Black patients. These race- and subtype-specific immune differences may guide tailored immunotherapies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.