Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40707154›Full record

ArticleBMJ open2025

Facilitators and barriers to implementing a social franchising model of delivering eye care services in rural China: a qualitative study using the updated Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research.

Xiaodong Dong, Hongyu Guan, Wenting Liu, Junling Zhao, Huan Wang, Yaojiang Shi, Xiaochen Ma

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. The intent is good but… exploring barriers and enablers to clinical pathway use in regional Australian Emergency Departments.International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Xiaodong DongSchool of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9340-4749
Hongyu GuanCenter for Experimental Economics in Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0659-3527
Wenting LiuCenter for Experimental Economics in Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
Junling ZhaoSchool of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
Huan WangStanford University, Stanford, UK.
Yaojiang ShiCenter for Experimental Economics in Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
Xiaochen MaSchool of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China xma@hsc.pku.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-3373

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesTo identify the barriers and facilitators to implementing the social franchising model '

designThis qualitative study involved semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders from both the supply side and demand side. Interview guide development, coding, analysis and reporting of findings were thoroughly informed by the CFIR 2.0.

setting

participantsKey informants included two

resultsKey facilitators of implementation included a robust evidence base, high trialability and adaptability of the innovation, relative advantages over competitors, standardised resources and effective training programmes. Major barriers included challenges in cross-departmental collaboration, underestimated variable costs, competition from private providers, high employee turnover due to inadequate incentives and the lack of feedback mechanisms for contextual adaptation.

conclusionsThis study highlights critical barriers and facilitators to implementing social franchising models for eye care in low-resource settings. While

Indexed as

Delivery of Health CareRural Health ServicesChildChinaHumansInterviews as TopicQualitative ResearchRural PopulationDelivery of Health Care, IntegratedHealth ServicesImplementation SciencePrimary Health CareQUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Identifiers

PMID40707154
PMCPMC12306323

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.