ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2025
Exposures to synthetic cathinones, fentanyl, and xylazine among nightclub attendees in New York City, 2024.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Considering unintentional exposure when testing for cocaine use via oral fluid testing.Forensic science international · 2026Article
- Multiyear Wastewater Monitoring of High-Risk Substances Surrounding an Annual Electronic Dance Music Festival, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, 2023-2025: Surveillance Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2026Article
- Detection of Party Drugs on Mobile Phones in Relation to Self-Reported Use and Oral Fluid Detection Among NYC Nightclub Attendees.Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs · 2026Article
- Surface swabbing of nightclub venues to monitor the presence of cocaine, ketamine, and MDMA.The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundUse of party drugs is common among nightclub attendees, but more information is needed regarding both intentional use and unknown exposure to synthetic cathinones, fentanyl, and xylazine in this high-risk population.
methodsThroughout 2024, participants attending nightclubs in New York City were surveyed and had their saliva analyzed for drug exposure using targeted and untargeted analysis (n = 1024). We calculated the prevalence of synthetic cathinone, fentanyl, and xylazine exposure overall and in relation to demographic and drug use characteristics.
results11 (1.1 %) tested positive for one or more synthetic cathinones, 1.5 % (n = 15) tested positive for fentanyl or its precursor (4-ANPP), and 4 (0.4 %) tested positive for xylazine. All but one exposure to fentanyl was linked to unreported past-month use (93.3 %) and 54.5 % of synthetic cathinone exposures were linked to unreported past-month use (ps<.05). Three of four participants (75.0 %) testing positive for xylazine also tested positive for fentanyl exposure. Most (n = 8) synthetic cathinone exposures involved methylmethcathinone (MMC), and there were also detections of chloromethcathinone (CMC, n = 4), N-N-dimethylpentylone (n = 2), N-ethylpentylone (n = 2), and eutylone (n = 2). Compared to those testing positive for synthetic cathinones, those testing positive for fentanyl were more likely to identify as heterosexual and/or test positive for prescription opioid use, and less likely to have a college degree or to test positive for MDMA use (ps<.05).
conclusionsUnintentional exposure to these drugs is occurring, often because they have been added as adulterants in more common drugs. Results can inform prevention and harm reduction education in this population and in the general population.
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Registered trials
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