An approach for cancer outcomes modelling using a comprehensive synthetic dataset.

Limited patient data availability presents a challenge for efficient machine learning (ML) model development. Recent studies have proposed methods to generate synthetic medical images but lack the corresponding prognostic information required for predicting outcomes. We present a cancer outcomes modelling approach that involves generating a comprehensive synthetic dataset which can accurately mimic a real dataset. A real public dataset containing computed tomography-based radiomic features and clinical information for 132 non-small cell lung cancer patients was used. A synthetic dataset of virtual patients was synthesized using a conditional tabular generative adversarial network. Models to predict two-year overall survival were trained on real or synthetic data using combinations of four feature selection methods (mutual information, ANOVA F-test, recursive feature elimination, random forest (RF) importance weights) and six ML algorithms (RF, k-nearest neighbours, logistic regression, support vector machine, XGBoost, Gaussian Naïve Bayes). Models were tested on withheld real data and externally validated. Real and synthetic datasets were similar, with an average one minus Kolmogorov-Smirnov test statistic of 0.871 for continuous features. Chi-square test confirmed agreement for discrete features (p < 0.001). XGBoost using RF importance-based features performed the most consistently for both datasets, with percent differences in balanced accuracy and area under the precision-recall curve of < 1.3%. Preliminary findings demonstrate the potential application of synthetic radiomic and clinical data augmentation for cancer outcomes modelling, although further validation with larger diverse datasets is crucial. While our approach was described in a lung context, it may be applied to other sites or endpoints.