ArticleJournal of managed care & specialty pharmacy2025
Real-world health care costs and resource utilization associated with mild cognitive impairment in the United States: A retrospective cohort study of commercial and Medicare data.
Article in Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Comparative efficacy and certainty of evidence of exercise interventions for cognitive outcomes in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Joint trajectories of sleep deviation risk and frailty and their associations with cognitive decline in middle-aged and older adults: a population-based cohort study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Increase in healthcare utilization and Medicare payment with progression of preclinical Alzheimer's disease.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a transitional stage before Alzheimer disease and related dementias (ADRD). The link between AD and increased health care resource utilization (HCRU) and costs is well established but not the economic burden of MCI.
objectiveTo estimate the incremental economic burden of individuals with MCI in the United States.
methodsThis was a retrospective cohort study that derived data from the MarketScan Commercial and Medicare Supplemental Databases. The observation period was from January 1, 2014, through December 31, 2019. Included individuals were (1) aged at least 50 years, (2) had at least 2 years of pre-index (ie, date of their first MCI diagnosis) continuous health plan enrollment, and (3) had at least 1 year of post-index continuous health plan enrollment. Individuals were excluded if they had (1) at least 1 claim with a diagnosis of Parkinson disease at any time during the study period, (2) at least 1 claim with a diagnosis of ADRD at any time before the index date, or (3) at least 1 pharmacy claim for an ADRD medication (donepezil, memantine, memantine/donepezil, galantamine, or rivastigmine) at any time before the index date. Outcomes included all-cause HCRU and health care costs for incident MCI individuals (MCI cohort) and matched individuals without MCI or dementia (control cohort) during the 12-month follow-up period. Controls were matched at a 3:1 ratio by age, sex, region, and index year.
resultsIn total, 5,185 individuals met the criteria for the MCI cohort and 15,555 for the control cohort. Mean age at baseline was 67 years and 57.7% were female in both cohorts. The MCI cohort had a higher comorbidity burden compared with the control cohort (1.5 vs 1.0 and 2.6 vs 1.8, respectively;
conclusionsThe economic burden of MCI was more than double that for similar individuals without MCI or dementia. Timely diagnosis and intervention are key to delaying progression to AD and reducing associated costs.
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