ReviewStructural heart : the journal of the Heart Team2025
Mitral Annular Calcification: Understanding the Disease and Treatment Options.
Review in Structural heart : the journal of the Heart Team, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Massive mitral annular calcification with valvular involvement: Multimodality and longitudinal imaging correlation.Radiology case reports · 2026Article
- Association of left ventricular global longitudinal strain with outcomes of severe mitral regurgitation due to severe mitral annular calcification: a retrospective cohort study.Cardiovascular diagnosis and therapy · 2026Article
- Small Mitral Valve Orifice Area in Mitral Valve Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair: The REPAIR Study.JACC. Advances · 2026Article
- Mitral annular calcification in high-risk patients: to operate or not to operate.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Role of Cardiac CT in the Evaluation of Valvular Heart Disease.Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology · 2026Review
- Association Between Mitral Annular Calcification and Ventricular Tachycardia in Patients with Reduced and Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Exploring Gender Disparities and Advances in Transcatheter Structural Heart Interventions.Interventional cardiology (London, England) · 2026Article
- Cardiac Computed Tomography in Structural Heart Interventions: From Preprocedural Planning to Procedural Strategy.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Review
- Impact of mitral annular calcification in mitral valve surgery: 25-year Mayo Clinic experience.Annals of cardiothoracic surgery · 2025Article
- Clinical and echocardiographic outcomes of patients with mitral annular calcification undergoing mitral valve surgery: a 10-year single center experience.Annals of cardiothoracic surgery · 2025Article
- Intravascular Lithotripsy in Mitral Annulus Calcification-Related Mitral Stenosis: Hope or Hype?Structural heart : the journal of the Heart Team · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
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Abstract
Mitral annular calcification (MAC) is a degenerative process that causes calcium deposits along the mitral annulus. The pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to the development of MAC are not fully understood. The main risk factors for MAC are advanced age, female gender, chronic kidney disease, and conditions predisposing to left ventricular hypertrophy, which increases mitral annulus tension and subsequent annular degeneration. The prevalence of MAC varies widely among studies, from 5% to 42%, depending on the characteristics of the study population and the imaging modality used to make the diagnosis, and it is increasing over time. MAC is independently associated with all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and the occurrence of cardiovascular disease such as atrial fibrillation, conduction abnormalities, or stroke. MAC can progress and involve the mitral valve leaflets, causing mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, or both. Patients who develop symptomatic mitral valve dysfunction associated with significant MAC have lower survival when mitral valve intervention is not performed. However, the surgical risk of these patients is often high, precluding surgery in many. Therefore, transcatheter mitral valve implantation is emerging as an alternative in patients with severe MAC and associated symptomatic mitral valve dysfunction. This manuscript summarizes a description of the disease process in MAC and its treatment options.
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