Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40704047›Full record

ArticleNature water2025

Sanitation-related withholding and suppression among women in urban Uganda and India.

Elaina Sinclair, Anke Hüls, Madeleine Patrick, Srishty Arun, Vinod Ramanarayanan, Sheela S Sinharoy, Bethany A Caruso

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature water, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Elaina SinclairDepartment of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA.ORCID 0009-0006-2813-9276
Anke HülsDepartment of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA.
Madeleine PatrickHubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5599-8459
Srishty ArunCivic Fulcrum, Chennai, India.
Vinod RamanarayananCivic Fulcrum, Chennai, India.
Sheela S SinharoyGangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3077-3824
Bethany A CarusoGangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9738-9857

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Despite sanitation facility availability, perceived privacy, safety and security, and health status and risks may prevent toilet use, particularly for women. Women may withhold food and water (withholding) or suppress urination and defecation urges (suppression) to cope, though evidence on the prevalence and drivers of these behaviours is limited. This secondary analysis of data generated as part of the Measuring Urban Sanitation and Empowerment project (

Indexed as

Development studiesEnvironmental social sciencesPsychology and behaviour

Identifiers

PMID40704047
PMCPMC12279531

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.