ArticleBMC infectious diseases2025
Seasonal and hospital settings variations in antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates from cardiac patients: insights from a 7-Year study.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Bacterial bloodstream infections in cardiac patients: microbiological spectrum, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and biomarker correlation analysis at a cardiac tertiary care centre.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Observational
- Epidemiological characteristics and temporal trends of major multidrug-resistant bacteria in a tertiary maternal and child health hospital from 2021 to 2024.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Clinical outcomes of multidrug-resistant organism infections in a tertiary care hospital in India.World journal of clinical cases · 2026Article
- Socio-economic impact of antimicrobial resistance in Pakistan: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Antimicrobial Peptides Against Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria: Focus on Machine Learning.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Review
- Unveiling the spectrum of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus from Hospital-acquired urinary tract infections (HA-UTI) in cardiac patients.Molecular biology reports · 2025Article
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Abstract
backgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health challenge, particularly in specialized tertiary care settings. Despite its significance, data on the effects of seasonal variations, demographics, and healthcare settings on AMR in Pakistan are scarce.
aimThis study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and resistance patterns of AMR and identify the key contributing factors at a cardiac hospital in Faisalabad from 2012 to 2019 to inform targeted infection control strategies. METHODOLOGY: This retrospective cross-sectional analysis of 3,035 patient records adhered to STROBE guidelines. AMR profiles, including the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), were examined in relation to seasonality, hospital settings, and patient demographics.
resultsThis study identified Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli as the most prevalent pathogens, with S. aureus and K. pneumoniae classified among the ESKAPE group (Enterococcus faecium, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.). Isolation rates were higher in inpatients (IPs) than outpatients (OPs), with peak occurrences in autumn and winter among IPs and in spring among OPs. Age and sex significantly influenced pathogen isolation rates. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was highest for S. aureus isolates between 2017 and 2019, which showed complete resistance to vancomycin and oxacillin. Key resistance genes mecA, vanA, tetM, and aph(3') were frequently co-detected in S. aureus. Polymyxin B and colistin remained the most effective antibiotics against multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains.
conclusionThese findings highlight the critical need for year-round AMR surveillance, with an enhanced focus during seasonal peaks, particularly for high-risk IPs in winter and autumn. Implementing localized antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) and robust infection control measures is essential to reduce the AMR burden and curb its spread in inpatient settings, especially in resource-constrained healthcare systems, such as Pakistan.
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