ArticleNPJ vaccines2025
Long-term efficacy of an inactivated H5N1 whole-particle influenza vaccine in nonhuman primates.
Article in NPJ vaccines, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Immunogenicity and efficacy of a rabies-based vaccine against highly pathogenic influenza H5N1 virus.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- A novel self-amplified RNA vaccine co-expressing NA and HA1 delivered by Salmonella confers potent protection against H9N2 influenza in chickens.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Evaluating southern pigtail macaques as an immunological model for human antibody responses.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Understanding and controlling pandemic influenza.Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and biological sciences · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Outbreaks of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (HPAIVs) in animals pose a threat to humans immunologically naïve to avian influenza viruses. However, annual vaccination, such as for seasonal influenza is not planned because the number of human patients infected with H5 HPAIVs is small, and the possibility of human-to-human transmission of H5 HPAIVs is low at present. However, various clades of H5 HPAIVs have emerged continuously. Therefore, a vaccine that confers long-term and cross-clade immunity is required. To examine the long-term effectiveness and cross-clade reactivity of an H5 influenza virus vaccine, cynomolgus macaques were infected with an H5N1 HPAIV 5 years after two subcutaneous vaccinations with inactivated H5N1 whole-virus particles (H5 clade classical/outlier), which showed higher immunogenicity than did split vaccines in our previous studies. Neutralization titers against the vaccine strain were maintained for 5 years, and a recall immune response was observed on challenge infection against the challenge strain (clade 1) and other H5N1 HPAIV strains (clades 2.2, 2.3.2.1, and 2.3.4.4b). Compared with unvaccinated macaques, viral titers were low, and the cytokine signaling pathways related to the pathogenesis of an influenza virus infection were not activated in the vaccinated macaques. Thus, a whole-virus particle vaccine induced long-term memory sufficient to prevent severe pneumonia caused by an H5N1 HPAIV in cynomolgus macaques.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.