ArticlePLoS medicine2025
Inpatient psychiatric bed capacity within CMS-certified U.S hospitals, 2011-2023: A cross-sectional study.
Article in PLoS medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Treatment Adherence and Health Care Utilization After a First Episode of Psychosis.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- The wait for "geripsych": Prolonged boarding of older adults awaiting inpatient psychiatry.Journal of hospital medicine · 2026Article
- Psychiatric hospitalization as a site of stigma reduction: a prospective cohort study from a specialty mood disorders unit.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Factors associated with psychiatric admission from observation beds in the psychiatric emergency room.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Regional changes in inpatient psychiatric bed capacity and availability of alternative psychiatric services, 2012-2022.Health affairs scholar · 2025Article
- Why psychiatric bed capacity varies widely: Strategic questions on global mental health.PLoS medicine · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDespite persistently high rates of mental illness and suicide, receipt of treatment for mental health conditions remains low. In this context, it is important to quantify the number of inpatient psychiatric beds (IPBs), and to understand differences in the number of IPBs throughout the U.S, as these provide critical evaluation, medication, and stabilization services. METHODS AND
findingsThis study used nationally-representative data drawn from the 2011-2023 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' Healthcare Cost Report Information System (HCRIS). From 2011-2023, while the total number of IPBs-in both psychiatric hospitals (PHs) and short-term acute care hospitals (STACHs)-did not change, the number IPBs within STACHs fell from 11.3 in 2011 to 9.06 in 2023. During this period, 846 counties (in which over 244 million individuals reside) experienced a decline in the rate of IPBs, while another 1,449 counties (in which 59 million individuals reside) never had IPBs. In regression models predicting the number of IPBs in STACHs and PHs, hospitals that received DSH payments (STACHs: IRR:1.93, 95% CI: 1.72, 2.15; PHs: IRR:1.40; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.84), had more full-time employees (STACHs: IRR:1.35, 95% CI: 1.31, 1.38; PHs: IRR:1.77; 95% CI: 1.75, 1.80) and were teaching STACHs (STACHs: IRR:1.78; 95% CI: 1.63, 1.95) had significantly more IPBs. In county-level regression models, counties with a lower percentage of Black residents (β: -21.15; 95% CI: -37.14, -5.16) had a significantly higher rate of IPBs. The absence of a causal design means we cannot assess the reasons behind changes in IPBs across time, and is a limitation of this study.
conclusionsThis study provides an overview of the availability of IPBs throughout the U.S, as well as the number of individuals without access to IPBs. Findings indicate a dearth of STACH-based IPBs, particularly in areas with a greater proportion of racial minority residents.
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