ArticlePloS one2025
Human health risk assessment of arsenic and potentially toxic elements exposure in bread and wheat flour in Northeast Iran.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundBread, a staple food, is at risk of contamination from heavy metals that pose significant health hazards. This study aimed to assess the levels of heavy metals, including Cu, Zn, Fe, Al, Co, As, Hg, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd, and V, in bread samples collected from bakeries in Mashhad, Iran, and to evaluate the associated health and carcinogenic risks.
methodsIn this study, the urban area was divided into five regions using simple random sampling. A total of 270 samples, including flour, dough, and bread, were collected from bakeries between June and December 2020. After preparing the samples and applying an acid digestion method, the concentration of heavy metals were determined using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer.
resultsLevels of Al, As, Cr, and Fe exceeded WHO and FAO thresholds in all regions. The health risk assessment indicated that non-carcinogenic risks from arsenic and the mean hazard index for bread consumption exceeded 1 in both adults and children, suggesting potential health risks. Moreover, carcinogenic risk indices for both age groups surpassed the acceptable limit (CR > 1 × 10-4) across all regions, indicating potential carcinogenic effects.
conclusionThe findings reveal significant health and carcinogenic risks linked to bread consumption in Mashhad. Continuous monitoring of heavy metal levels in wheat and related food products is recommended to protect public health.
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