ReviewRomanian journal of ophthalmology
Sulfonamide Allergy and Alternative Treatments in Ocular Toxoplasmosis.
Review in Romanian journal of ophthalmology. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Vitrectomy for ocular toxoplasmosis: a case report and literature review.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: To summarize current knowledge on the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis, with emphasis on alternatives for sulfonamide-allergic patients. Materials and methods: A comprehensive PubMed search (1908-2021) was conducted using terms like Results: Ocular toxoplasmosis is the most common infectious form of posterior uveitis worldwide, typically presenting as necrotizing retinochoroiditis with associated vitreomacular adhesion and vitritis. Diagnosis is mainly clinical, supported by serology (IgG/IgM) and PCR of intraocular fluids when needed. Standard treatment includes systemic antiparasitic agents (e.g., pyrimethamine with sulfadiazine or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) plus corticosteroids. In patients with sulfonamide allergies, alternatives such as pyrimethamine with clindamycin or azithromycin, or intravitreal clindamycin with dexamethasone, are effective. Recent studies show comparable outcomes with these regimens. Prompt treatment of active disease helps reduce retinal damage. Discussion: Recent evidence supports the efficacy and safety of non-sulfonamide regimens and intravitreal therapies in managing ocular toxoplasmosis. These options are particularly valuable for patients with contraindications to standard treatments. Advances in imaging and molecular diagnostics have also enhanced early recognition and tailored management of the disease, contributing to improved visual outcomes. Conclusion: Advances in diagnostic tools (PCR, intraocular antibody detection) and alternative therapies have improved outcomes in ocular toxoplasmosis, including in patients who are intolerant to sulfonamides. Clindamycin-based or intravitreal approaches offer effective, safe options. Further research is needed to refine treatment protocols, prevent recurrences, and clarify disease pathogenesis.
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Registered trials
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