ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025
Dichotomous roles of IL-36 and IL-38 in cardiovascular disease.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Elevated interleukin-36γ and gene polymorphisms implicate novel risk in essential hypertension.Immunogenetics · 2026Article
- Anti-Inflammatory Interleukins in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- IL-35, IL-37, and IL-38 in acute pancreatitis: proposed immunopathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic potential.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Upregulation and diagnostic potential of Interleukin-36 cytokine isoforms in dilated cardiomyopathy: evidence from human and murine models.Molecular biology reports · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Members of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) superfamily play crucial roles in orchestrating inflammation and immune responses. Among them, IL-36 and IL-38 have emerged as cytokines with contrasting roles in cardiovascular disease (CVD). IL-36 typically promotes inflammation, contributing to endothelial dysfunction, atherogenesis, and myocardial injury. In contrast, IL-38 exerts predominantly anti-inflammatory effects, modulating immune responses and promoting tissue repair. This mini-review provides a critical synthesis of current findings on IL-36 and IL-38 in the context of atherosclerosis, myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, and post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) outcomes. We discuss their molecular mechanisms, potential as biomarkers, and therapeutic implications, while identifying key gaps in knowledge that merit further investigation.
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Registered trials
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