ArticleFrontiers in neurology2025
Low premorbid IQ may exacerbate the cognitive effects of apolipoprotein ε4 (APOE ε4): a multi-ethnic cross-sectional study from HABS-HD.
Article in Frontiers in neurology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Projected Cognitive and Brain Aging Benefits of Eliminating Cardiometabolic Risks in Non-Hispanic White and Black Males - HABS-HD.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Predicting low premorbid cognitive ability with social determinants: A machine learning approach.JAR life · 2026Article
- Population intervention models of racial ethnic disparities in cognitive outcomes from cardiometabolic risk factors - HABS-HD.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2025Article
- White matter hyperintensities mediate a greater proportion of age-related lower cognitive scores in non-Hispanic White participants compared to non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic participants: HABS-HD.Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands)Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Introduction: Apolipoprotein allele 4 (APOE ε4) is associated with lower IQ scores during childhood and adolescence, but the influence of APOE ε4 and low IQ on late-life cognition is unknown. This study examines the association between APOE ε4 and cognitive outcomes based on premorbid intellectual ability (pIQ) and ethnic background. Methods: Participants were drawn from the Health & Aging Brain Study-Health Disparities (HABS-HD), categorized by low ( Results: APOE ε4 was associated with worse cognitive performance across domains. In the overall sample analysis, the deleterious effect of ε4 on processing speed and executive functioning was stronger among those with low pIQ. In stratified analysis, the negative impact of APOE ε4 was stronger among non-Hispanic White individuals with low pIQ for episodic memory and Hispanic individuals with low pIQ for processing speed. Discussion: The influence of APOE genotype on cognitive outcomes is moderated by ethnicity and premorbid IQ, positioning low pIQ, a proxy for intellectual disability (ID), as a population more vulnerable to the negative effects of APOE ε4 in older adulthood. Conclusion: The effect of Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk genes on cognitive performance may not mirror what is observed in AD-Down syndrome, highlighting the urgent need to expand AD research to reach more representative populations with I/DD.
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