ArticleJournal of inflammation research2025
Rat Model of Granulomatous Mastitis.
Article in Journal of inflammation research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Molecular Targeted Therapy for Chronic Non-Bacterial Mastitis: New Insights into Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Strategies.International journal of women's health · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Granulomatous mastitis (GM) is an immune-related, clinically refractory disease, the translational research of which has been hindered by the lack of animal models. Establishing a stable rat model of GM is critical for elucidating its mechanisms and developing therapeutic approaches. Methods: The first batch of rats was randomly divided into a normal group, a low-dose group (0.2 mL), a middle-dose group (0.4 mL), and a high-dose group (0.8 mL). Except for the normal group, the remaining groups were subjected to model establishment using a tissue homogenate-complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) suspension. The optimal dose was determined based on gross morphology, mammary inflammation index, and histopathological evaluation. The second batch of rats was modeled using the optimal dose, with a comparable number of normal rats as controls. At 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post-modeling, mammary gland appearance, histomorphology, and serum/tissue mRNA expression levels of key inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-2) were observed. Results: Rats in the middle-dose group exhibited characteristic features of human GM, including gross morphological changes such as breast swelling, ulceration, and fistula formation. Histologically, granulomas characterized by epithelioid cells and Langhans multinucleated giant cells, along with persistent inflammatory cell infiltration, were observed. Compared with the parallel normal group, the expression levels of IL-2, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were significantly elevated in the model group, with their expression fluctuating over time. Conclusion: The 0.4 mL tissue homogenate-CFA injection method successfully induced a stable, reproducible, and long-lasting rat model that closely mimics human GM. This model provides a robust foundational platform for future research.
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Registered trials
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