ArticleMolecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.)2025
The impact of prenatal amoxicillin exposure at different doses, stages, and courses on offspring ovarian development.
Article in Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Stage-, dose- and course-dependent disruption of mice fetal ovarian development following prenatal dexamethasone exposure.Journal of ovarian research · 2026Article
- USP9X as a Candidate Mediator of Prenatal Aspirin-Induced Ovarian Reserve Reduction in Offspring Mice.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Review
- Co-trimoxazole-induced reproductive toxicity and placental-barrier disruption: impact on cell-cell junctions and ERK signaling pathway.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAmoxicillin, a commonly used broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic in pregnancy, has sparked controversy regarding its impact on fetal growth and development. There remains a lack of systematic research on the specific influence of prenatal amoxicillin exposure (PAmE) on the ovarian development of the offspring, as well as the precise " toxicity windows ".
methodsWe established PAmE mouse models at different stages [(gestational day, GD) 10-12, GD13-15 or GD16-18], doses (75, 150 or 300 mg/kg·d), and courses (single/multiple courses). On GD18, fetal serum and ovaries were collected to assess changes in serum estradiol levels and evaluate ovarian morphology, pregranulosa cell function, and oocyte-related parameters.
resultsPAmE led to pathological damage in fetal mouse ovaries, characterized by disrupted germ cell cysts and reduced the number of germ cells. Cell proliferation was enhanced while apoptosis was reduced. Moreover, PAmE upregulated the expression of pregranulosa cell steroid synthesis-related genes (e.g., Sf1, Star, P450scc) in the fetal ovaries, particularly in the high-dose groups at all gestational stages. The expression of the oocyte marker gene Figlα increased in all PAmE groups, while follicle development-related genes (Nobox and Bmp15) were downregulated, particularly during early to mid-pregnancy and in the single-course exposure groups. Further investigation revealed that PAmE enhanced IGF1 expression in fetal ovaries and inhibited the Pten-Akt-Foxo3a signaling pathway.
conclusionsAmoxicillin exhibits ovarian developmental toxicity, influencing fetal ovarian cell proliferation, apoptosis, pregranulosa cell estrogen synthesis, oocyte numbers, and follicle assembly. This study provides evidence guiding the rational use of amoxicillin in pregnancy and assessing potential ovarian development risks.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.