ArticleJCI insight2025
Pregnancy and lactation induce distinct immune responses to COVID-19 booster vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection.
Article in JCI insight, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: a prospective outlook from technological innovation to clinical practice.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The widespread uptake of COVID-19 vaccines by women provided a unique opportunity to study the effects of pregnancy and lactation on immune responses to vaccination. Leveraging a cohort with well-defined SARS-CoV-2 exposure history, we found that the magnitude of humoral and cellular immune responses to vaccine-delivered SARS-CoV-2 spike was not affected by pregnancy or lactation status. However, vaccination during pregnancy elicited more stem-like SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells. Moreover, breakthrough infection promoted spike-specific IgG in pregnant individuals in contrast with IgA in those lactating, suggesting that the pregnancy-to-lactation transition favors mucosal antibody responses. Breakthrough infection also reduced peripheral cytolytic SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cell frequencies during lactation but not pregnancy, which may reflect trafficking of the cells to mammary glands. Our study also uncovered an impact of pregnancy and lactation on global T cell phenotypes. In particular, lactating individuals preferentially exhibited a state of diminished T cell activation. Furthermore, breakthrough infection during pregnancy, but not lactation, diminished frequencies of activated CD8+ T cells, tissue-homing CD8+ T cells, and γδ T cells. Our findings support the notion that immunity during pregnancy and lactation adapts to benefit the fetus or breastfed infant, with implications for eliciting effective long-term immunity for these uniquely vulnerable groups.
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Registered trials
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