Suppression of Inflammation by Si Miao San in Experimental Rheumatoid Arthritis Through Modulation of the AKT/ROS/Autophagy Axis.

Objective: Si Miao San is effective in ameliorating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) both clinically and experimentally. NETs play a fundamental role in the onset and progression of RA. The goal of this study was to explore the therapeutic effects of Si Miao San (SMS) on adjuvant-induced arthritis in mice and the regulatory mechanisms of NETs both in vivo and in vitro. Methods: SMS decoctions were identified using LC-MS/MS analysis and TCMSP. In the adjuvant induced RA murine model, SMS decoction and methotrexate were administered orally. Disease progression was analysed by assessing arthritic scores and joint diameter, H&E staining, safranin O-fast green staining, toluidine blue staining and micro-CT analysis. The expression of NE, MPO, PAD4, LC3B, CitH3, p-AKT and p-PI3K and the production of ROS were detected using IHC, WB and IF analyses. Cytokines in the sera of the mice were detected using cytometric bead arrays. After the in vitro culture of neutrophils, NE, MPO, PAD4, LC3B, CitH3, ROS, p-PI3K and p-AKT were measured using IF and WB analyses. Autophagy was further observed with TEM. Results: SMS decoction compounds were first identified. Compared with the model group, SMS significantly inhibited joint swelling, inflammation progression and bone destruction. The levels of NE, MPO, PAD4, CitH3, LC3B, ROS production and relative expression of p-AKT and p-PI3K in joint tissues were significantly reduced in the SMS group compared to the model group ( Conclusion: The SMS-induced suppression of inflammation in experimental RA occurred through the modulation of the AKT/ROS/autophagy axis.