Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40690536›Full record

ArticleDiabetes care2025

Diabetes in Pregnancy and School-Age Developmental Outcomes for Offspring: A Statewide Retrospective Cohort Study.

Hannah G Gordon, Richard J Hiscock, Alexis Shub, Jessica A Atkinson, Susan P Walker, Anna Forsythe, Amber L Kennedy, Parinaz Mehdipour, Stephen Tong, Roxanne M Hastie and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Diabetes care, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Hannah G GordonDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Newborn Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-7510-0071
Richard J HiscockDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Newborn Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Alexis ShubDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Newborn Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Jessica A AtkinsonDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Newborn Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Susan P WalkerDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Newborn Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Anna ForsytheDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Newborn Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Amber L KennedyDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Newborn Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Parinaz MehdipourBiostatistics Unit, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.
Stephen TongDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Newborn Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Roxanne M HastieDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Newborn Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Anthea C LindquistDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Newborn Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Funding

Australasian Diabetes in Pregnancy SocietyAustralian Government Research Training Program Scholarship (Dr Gordon)National Health and Medical Research Council Postgraduate Research Scholarship (Dr Gordon)Norman Beischer Medical Research Foundation 2025 Innovation Grant
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveThe impact of diabetes in pregnancy on offspring neurodevelopment is unclear. We investigate whether exposure to diabetes in utero is associated with developmental vulnerability or educational delay during primary school. RESEARCH DESIGN AND

methodsWe used population-level pregnancy and birth data from 2009 to 2021 from Victoria, Australia, linked with standardized national assessments. Adjusting for a range of maternal and childhood covariates, we investigated whether diabetes in pregnancy was associated with an altered risk of developmental vulnerability compared with no diabetes in the first year of full-time school (ages 4-6 years), defined as below the tenth centile in two or more domains in the Australian Early Development Census (AEDC), and altered educational outcomes in grade 3 (ages 7-8 years), defined as the adjusted mean difference in overall z score in the National Assessment Program - Literacy and Numeracy test (NAPLAN).

resultsOur study comprised 177,898 children who had linked birth and AEDC data, and 115,231 with linked birth and NAPLAN data, including, respectively, 16,363 (9.2%) and 7,532 (6.5%) exposed to diabetes in pregnancy. Following adjusted analysis, diabetes in pregnancy was not associated with an altered risk of overall developmental vulnerability compared with no diabetes (adjusted relative risk 1.02 [95% CI 0.98, 1.07]). Diabetes was associated with a marginally higher overall NAPLAN z score, but below the prespecified threshold for clinical significance (adjusted mean difference 0.04 [95% CI 0.01, 0.07]).

conclusionsDiabetes in pregnancy was not associated with overall developmental vulnerability or a clinically meaningful difference in educational outcomes. This should provide reassurance for patients and their treating clinicians.

Indexed as

Child DevelopmentDiabetes, GestationalPregnancy in DiabeticsPrenatal Exposure Delayed EffectsAdultChildChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansMalePregnancyRetrospective StudiesVictoria

Identifiers

PMID40690536
PMCPMC12368389

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.