ArticleCureus2025
Comparing Kangaroo Mother Care and Expressed Breast Milk as Non-pharmacological Strategies for Reducing Procedural Pain in Neonates: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Article in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Multimodal non-pharmacological pain relief during adhesive tape removal in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Efficacy of Expressed Breast Milk Versus Sweet Solutions for Neonatal Procedural Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Biomedicines · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundNeonates in neonatal intensive care units frequently endure painful procedures, such as adhesive tape removal, often without adequate pain management. Non-pharmacological interventions like kangaroo mother care (KMC) and expressed breast milk (EBM) administration have shown promise in alleviating neonatal pain. However, comparative data on their efficacy for specific procedures are limited.
objectiveThis study compares the effectiveness of KMC and EBM in reducing procedural pain during adhesive tape removal in low-birth-weight neonates.
methodsIn this randomized controlled trial conducted at a tertiary care neonatal intensive care unit, 100 low-birth-weight neonates were randomized into KMC and EBM groups. Procedural pain during adhesive tape removal was assessed using the Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) score, incorporating heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (SpO₂), and facial expressions pre- and post procedure. Video recordings were analyzed by a single trained assessor to ensure reliability.
resultsThe baseline characteristics of both groups were comparable. Post-procedure PIPP scores were slightly lower in the KMC group (11.02 ± 2.39) than the EBM group (11.19 ± 2.22), but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.704). HR, SpO₂, and facial expression parameters were also similar between groups. Difference in pre- and post-procedure PIPP scores in KMC (4.41 ± 1.72) and the EBM group (4.04 ± 1.50) was also comparable (p = 0.275).
conclusionKMC and EBM are equally effective, low-cost, and accessible strategies for procedural pain management in neonates. This study highlights the importance of integrating non-pharmacological pain relief methods into routine neonatal care.
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