Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40688873›Full record

ReviewCureus2025

Neurobiology and Impact of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Athletes: A Focused Review.

Jenny T Makhoul, Anastasia G Nasr, Zemar G Qazi, Brian J Piper, Areeba N Ahmed, Amna Javeed

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Jenny T MakhoulMedical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, USA.
Anastasia G NasrMedical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, USA.
Zemar G QaziMedical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, USA.
Brian J PiperMedical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, USA.
Areeba N AhmedMedical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, USA.
Amna JaveedMedical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Recent reports have highlighted a troubling pattern of athletes exhibiting pronounced and unexplained behavioral changes. This phenomenon is often linked to chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with repeated head injuries in contact sports, and is characterized by the accumulation of abnormal tau protein in the brain. This paper provides a focused review of the neurological and neurobehavioral mechanisms, prevention and treatments, and the role of animal models in advancing our understanding of CTE. Key findings have identified the accumulation of tau proteins and neuroinflammation as major contributing factors in the development of CTE. However, gaps in the literature, including the need for standardized injury models and biomarkers for diagnosing CTE in living individuals, point to future directions in refining diagnostic tools and developing targeted therapeutic interventions.

Indexed as

cerebrospinal fluid (csf)chronic traumatic encephalopathy (cte)mild traumatic brain injury (mtbi)neurodegenerationphosphorylated transactive response dna-binding protein 43positron emission tomographyrepetitive mild traumatic brain injurytau protein

Identifiers

PMID40688873
PMCPMC12276027

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.