ReviewOncology letters2025
Research progress of anti-angiogenic therapy combined with immunotherapy and radiotherapy for the treatment of brain metastases in non-small cell lung cancer (Review).
Review in Oncology letters, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mechanisms, Imaging Phenotypes, and Therapeutic Advances of Neovascularization in Brain Metastases.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Research progress of exosomes used in the Alzheimer's disease treatment.Discover nano · 2025Review
- Combination immunotherapy and anti-angiogenic therapy shows promising efficacy in NSCLC patients with recurrent or refractory brain metastases and negative driver genes.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The treatment of brain metastases (BMs) from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is primarily systemic and local; however, the therapeutic effects of various treatment methods on BMs are minimal. The occurrence of BMs from NSCLC is a complex process. The penetration of tumour cells into the blood-brain barrier changes the function of cell junctions, leading to changes in the microenvironment of intracranial tumours. Antitumour therapies such as immunotherapy (IT), chemotherapy, targeted therapy and radiotherapy (RT) all affect the tumour immune microenvironment (TIM). Anti-angiogenic drugs (AADs) normalize blood vessels and improve access to the tumours, which is an effective strategy for combination IT. IT combined with RT improves the survival rate in patients with BMs and reduces the risk of brain failure and nervous system mortality. AADs can markedly alleviate radiation-induced brain injury after RT. Furthermore, anti-angiogenic therapy can regulate the immune checkpoint inhibitor-mediated microenvironment of intracranial tumours. Combining these three factors may improve the prognosis of patients with NSCLC and BMs. However, there is no reliable evidence on the safety and efficacy of their combination therapy. Therefore, the present article reviews the effects of AADs combined with IT and RT on the TIM of patients with NSCLC with BMs and the clinical application progress in order to provide ideas for the treatment of NSCLC with BMs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.