ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025
Immune microenvironment in intervertebral disc degeneration: pathophysiology and therapeutic potential.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Causal links between multi-domain risk factors and intervertebral disc degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis of Mendelian randomization studies.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2026Pooled it
- Global trends and hotspots of macrophage-related research in intervertebral disc degeneration from 2005 to 2025: a bibliometric and visualized analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Impact of pulsed electromagnetic fields on intervertebral disc degeneration: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence.Frontiers in aging · 2026Pooled it
- Integrated bioinformatics, single-cell analysis, and experimental validation identify quercetin as a potential therapeutic candidate for intervertebral disc degeneration.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Arginase 1 as a candidate immune-metabolic biomarker in lumbar disc herniation: integrated bioinformatics, experimental validation, and clinical evidence.Journal of molecular histology · 2026Article
- Drug-Induced Cuproptosis Defines the Therapeutic Window of Celecoxib in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration via the HSP90-RBX1 Axis.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as potential therapeutic agents for intervertebral disc degeneration: insights from network pharmacology and molecular docking.Gut pathogens · 2026Article
- Antioxidant Nanotherapies for Intervertebral Disk Degeneration: Progress and Prospects.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Review
- Gingerol-loaded hollow manganese dioxide nanoparticles attenuate intervertebral disc oxidative stress.RSC advances · 2026Article
- Integrated Molecular Docking and Network-Based Analysis Reveals Multitarget Interaction Patterns of Nutraceutical Compounds in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Identification and experimental validation of aging-related biomarkers in intervertebral disc degeneration.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Potential Role of Mast Cells in Intervertebral Disc Ageing, Herniation Resolution, and Degeneration: Evidence and Lessons Learned from Studies of Mast Cells in Other Connective Tissues.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Cyclic tensile loading regulates nucleus pulposus cell autophagy through mitochondrial dynamics: molecular mechanisms and implications.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Swimming ameliorates intervertebral disc degeneration accompanied by Rpl23a downregulation and changes in its immune-inflammatory pathway.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Antioxidant biomaterials in intervertebral disc regeneration: current status and future clinical translation.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Review
- Context-dependent miRNA regulation in intervertebral disc degeneration: an IDD-focused dynamic network framework for stage-specific therapeutics.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Article
- Mechano-immune interactions in musculoskeletal aging: Mechanisms and translational perspectives.Theranostics · 2026Review
- Resetting the epigenetic clock: cellular senescence and regenerative strategies in intervertebral disc degeneration.Frontiers in aging · 2026Review
- Restoring immune homeostasis in the spinal microenvironment: targeting mechano-inflammation and immunometabolic reprogramming.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a prevalent and debilitating condition that affects millions worldwide, leading to chronic back pain and a reduced quality of life. This review shifts the focus to the pivotal role of the immune microenvironment in IDD, highlighting its dual functions-exacerbating degeneration through chronic inflammation while also offering protective mechanisms under certain conditions. Recent research highlights how immune cells such as macrophages, T cells, and B cells, along with cytokines like IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, play dual roles in both exacerbating and potentially mitigating disc degeneration. Key signaling pathways, including NF-κB, MAPK, JAK-STAT, and the NLRP3 inflammasome, are discussed to illustrate their involvement in disc cell apoptosis, extracellular matrix degradation, and chronic inflammation. By synthesizing current research, this review underscores the potential of novel therapeutic strategies that target immune modulation. Anti-inflammatory drugs, biologics, stem cell therapy, and gene editing technologies are explored as promising avenues for treatment. Understanding the immune landscape of IDD not only enhances our knowledge of its pathogenesis but also opens new possibilities for effective, targeted therapies, aiming to improve patient outcomes and reduce the societal burden of this debilitating condition.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.