ArticleFrontiers in veterinary science2025
Comprehensive analysis of the codon usage patterns in the polyprotein coding sequences of the honeybee viruses.
Article in Frontiers in veterinary science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Comparative Codon Usage Bias of CD2AP and BACH2 Across 49 Vertebrates: Implications for Porcine Macrophage Immunity inBiology · 2026Article
- Codon usage bias of low-risk human papillomavirus types 6 and 11.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2025Article
- The Complete Chloroplast Genome ofGenes · 2025Article
- Codon Usage Bias of the Polyphenol Oxidase Genes inPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Honeybee viruses (HVs) are some of the most significant pathogens affecting these insects and are commonly found in beehives across the globe. This viral infection leads to substantial economic losses in the beekeeping industry. To understand the evolution and adaptation of HVs, such as Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV), Kashmir Bee Virus (KBV), Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus (CBPV), and Sacbrood Virus (SBV), a detailed analysis of codon usage bias (CUB) was conducted, as no prior studies on this topic had been reported. Analysis of nucleotide content and RSCU revealed that the polyprotein coding sequences of the four HVs were rich in A/U nucleotides, with the third base of synonymous codons predominantly A/U. The polyprotein coding sequences showed a higher effective number of codons (ENC) value, suggesting lower CUB. The ENC plot, PR2 plot, and neutrality analyses indicated that natural selection predominantly shapes the codon usage pattern of polyprotein coding sequences, with minimal influence from mutation pressure. Analyses of the codon adaptation index (CAI) and relative codon deoptimization index (RCDI) showed a strong relationship between HVs and their hosts. These findings could offer essential insights into the overall codon usage patterns of HVs and help in understanding the mechanisms that influence codon usage and genetic evolution in HVs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.